Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Veterinary Medicine

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Which of the following is NOT a cause of intrinsic renal acute kidney injury?

Ischemia

Dehydration (correct)

Infection

Toxins

In acute kidney injury, post renal causes may involve:

Dehydration

Trauma

Blood clots

B and C (correct)

Which phase of acute kidney injury involves insufficient blood delivery to the kidneys?

Intrinsic renal

Pre-renal (correct)

Ischemic

Post-renal

Which of the following is a cause of post renal acute kidney injury?

Urethral strictures Signup and view all the answers

What type of damage characterizes intrinsic renal acute kidney injury?

Damage to glomeruli Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the kidney functions mentioned in the text?

Excretion of unwanted solutes Signup and view all the answers

How is acute kidney injury defined?

Abrupt loss of kidney function resulting in retention of urea and other waste products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute kidney injury?

Excess vitamin C intake Signup and view all the answers

How many phases are involved in acute kidney injury?

4 phases Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of acute kidney injury involves the initiation of the insult?

Oliguric phase Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acute kidney injury, what does the term 'pre-renal' refer to?

Injury caused by external factors unrelated to kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of acute kidney injury is characterized by a 'moment' in the course of the disease, showing either worsening or improvement?

Intrinsic renal phase Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key differences between pre-renal and intrinsic renal causes of AKI?

Pre-renal causes are reversible if addressed promptly, while intrinsic renal causes may not be reversible Signup and view all the answers

Which category of acute kidney injury involves hemodynamic factors and problems with blood flow to the kidneys?

Pre-renal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of hypoxia in acute kidney injury?

Activation of proteases and phospholipases Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is particularly vulnerable to ischemia in acute kidney injury?

Thick ascending loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What happens as a consequence of integrin dysfunction in acute kidney injury?

Obstruction in tubular lumen by casts and debris Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Phase 1 - initiation of acute kidney injury?

Loss of apical microvilli & absorptive brush border Signup and view all the answers

Why are nephrons within the renal medulla more susceptible to ischemia in acute kidney injury?

Decreased perfusion and increased energy demands Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cellular process occurring in the maintenance phase of acute kidney injury?

Cell proliferation Signup and view all the answers

In the recovery phase of acute kidney injury, what can polyuria sometimes indicate?

Onset of the recovery phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of extreme sodium losses during the recovery phase of acute kidney injury?

Delayed or interrupted renal recovery Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of acute kidney injury is characterized by stabilization of the GFR at its lowest point and cellular repair processes beginning?

Phase 3 - maintenance phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of residual chronic kidney disease after an episode of acute kidney injury?

Scar formation resulting in longterm dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the extension phase in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Definable change in renal function such as decreased urine output or azotemia Signup and view all the answers

What effect does damage to peritubular capillary endothelial cells have during Acute Kidney Injury?

Enhanced vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictive agents Signup and view all the answers

Why may routine laboratory tests and clinical examination findings fail to detect evidence of Acute Kidney Injury?

Non-specific signs and lack of baseline renal values Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of Acute Kidney Injury is characterized by the appearance of clinical signs such as lethargy and abdominal pain?

Extension phase Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the length of time necessary to see changes in Acute Kidney Injury?

Severity of the insult Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory parameters are measured to evaluate kidney function?

Serum urea and serum creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter provides an estimation of urine osmolality?

Urine specific gravity Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of acute kidney injury related to the failure of the kidneys to meet the endocrine demand of the body?

Retention of uremic wastes leading to azotemia Signup and view all the answers

What was acute kidney injury previously named?

Acute renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the index used to describe the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine?

Urine specific gravity index Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is predominantly dependent on the glomerular filtration rate?

Serum creatinine Signup and view all the answers

What does acute kidney injury result in, with respect to urine production?

Reduced urine production Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of acute kidney injury is characterized by injury occurring but no change in kidney function?

Initiation phase Signup and view all the answers