Cell Injury Mechanisms and Adaptations

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between congenital and acquired cell injury?

Congenital cell injury is caused by genetic abnormalities, while acquired cell injury is caused by external factors. (correct)
Congenital cell injury is characterized by cell death, while acquired cell injury is characterized by cell adaptations.
Congenital cell injury is always reversible, while acquired cell injury is always irreversible.
Congenital cell injury is specific to the cytoplasm, while acquired cell injury affects the nucleus.

Which of the following is NOT a primary site of cell injury?

Cell Membranes
Mitochondria (correct)
Nucleus
Essential metabolites

What is the mechanism behind "Transport Defects" as a cause of cell injury?

Failure of the cell membrane to properly regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell due to malfunctioning protein transporters. (correct)
The formation of large pores in the cell membrane due to exposure to toxins.
The inability of the cell membrane to synthesize sufficient amounts of ATP for active transport.
Disruption of the cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer structure, leading to increased permeability.

Which cellular adaptation involves a change in cell type, allowing the cell to better tolerate a stressful environment?

Metaplasia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of "adaptive threshold" in cellular response to injury?

A skin cell exposed to constant UV radiation undergoes metaplasia and eventually becomes cancerous. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the primary difference between reversible and irreversible cellular injury?

Reversible injury can be restored to normal with the removal of the injurious stimulus, while irreversible injury leads to cell death. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to "glucose deprivation" as a cause of cell injury?

Excessive intake of carbohydrates (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the absence of Alpha-1-antitrypsin in the lungs?

Irreversible dilation of the air spaces leading to the development of emphysema (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of neutrophils in the body?

Neutrophils are the primary cells involved in initiating the inflammatory response. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a pyogenic bacteria?

The ability to cause the formation of pus. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?

Bacteraemia involves bacteria actively dividing in the bloodstream, while septicaemia does not. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Alpha-1-antitrypsin in relation to neutrophils?

To neutralize harmful enzymes released by dead or dying neutrophils. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between green and yellow pus?

Green pus contains myeloperoxidase, while yellow pus contains lipid from cell membrane breakdown. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which Anti-neutrophilic-cytoplasmic-antibodies (ANCAs) can contribute to vasculitis?

ANCAs stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators that damage blood vessels. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between neutrophils and pus formation?

Neutrophils are the primary component of pus and are responsible for its formation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of passive hyperaemia?

To reduce the flow of blood to an area, causing congestion. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of an exudate?

An exudate is a fluid that is rich in protein. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the grey hepatisation phase of pneumonia, contrasting with the typical response of systemic blood vessels?

Constriction of blood vessels supplying the infected lung lobe, reducing blood flow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the release of potassium from damaged tissue during acute inflammation?

Neuromuscular dysfunction (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of the fluid that forms during acute inflammation?

Activation of erythrocytes to increase oxygen transport. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acute inflammation, what is the primary difference between the response of brain tissue and bone tissue?

Brain tissue has a fixed volume, while bone tissue can expand due to its medullary cavity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how acute inflammation can be detrimental to the body?

The release of lipase from the pancreas leading to fat necrosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of red hepatisation in pneumonia?

Congestion and dilation of blood vessels in the affected lung area, resulting in a red colour. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of acute inflammation that helps to localize the infection?

Formation of fibrin clots to create a barrier against infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios describes a potential outcome of acute inflammation in the stomach?

Release of hydrochloric acid, leading to chemical peritonitis if perforation occurs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference in potassium concentration between the inside and outside of cells during acute inflammation?

Potassium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside during inflammation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the pathological process involving pannus in rheumatoid arthritis?

Pannus formation leads to the inward erosion of bone, beginning at the joint periphery. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic complication of rheumatoid arthritis can potentially lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

Steroid therapy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which rheumatoid nodules develop?

Fibrinoid necrosis and subsequent macrophage and fibroblast proliferation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis that is NOT directly related to joint pathology?

Rheumatoid factor positivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common management strategy for rheumatoid arthritis?

Treatment with antibiotics to target the underlying bacterial infection. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly involved in the triggering of strong adhesion between leukocytes and the endothelium during the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

Chemotactic factors (D) Signup and view all the answers

During the vascular phase of acute inflammation, what is the primary cause of the increased lymphatic flow?

Loss of fluid from the blood vessels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes neutrophils from macrophages in terms of their role in acute inflammation?

Neutrophils migrate faster to the site of injury compared to macrophages. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which opsonization facilitates phagocytosis?

Opsonins bind to the target particle, making it more recognizable and efficiently engulfed by phagocytes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of pyrogens in fever during acute inflammation?

Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to reset the body's thermostat to a higher temperature. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of the 'right-shift' observed in a blood smear during the leucocytosis phase of acute inflammation?

Release of immature forms of neutrophils from the bone marrow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a beneficial effect of acute inflammation?

Increased vascular permeability, facilitating the delivery of inflammatory mediators to the site of injury. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between suppuration and cellulitis in terms of their characteristics?

Suppuration involves a localized accumulation of pus, while cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the phases in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

Slowing of blood flow, margination, triggering, strong adhesion, motility and emigration, phagocytosis, intracellular killing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of endogenous pyrogens during acute inflammation?

Prostaglandin E (D) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Congenital

Genetic abnormalities present at birth, including inborn errors in metabolism and chromosomal defects.

Cell Membranes

Structures that can be injured by transport defects, receptor defects, and mechanical disruption.

Cellular Adaptations

Changes in cell size (hypertrophy), number (hyperplasia), or type (metaplasia) in response to stress.