Pathophysiology Final Exam Review

For mild hypoglycemia, oral glucose tablets are used as the initial intervention. If the event is severe, glucagon administration may be required.

Tuberculosis is primarily spread through the inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Hyperresonance to percussion is a common sign of pneumothorax due to the air trapped in the pleural cavity.

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to severe damage to the kidneys, potentially causing renal failure.

Stable angina is relieved by rest, while unstable angina is not. Unstable angina requires immediate attention.

Nocturnal epigastric pain (pain in the upper abdomen during the night) is a key symptom of a gastric ulcer.

A high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet is often recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Pink puffers in emphysema are often characterized by chronic hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood).

Bilateral bulging blue neck veins, a sign of right-sided heart failure. It indicates that blood is backing up in the veins leading to the heart.

The weakened left ventricle pumps out less blood, which results in reduced blood flow to the aorta and impaired delivery of oxygen to vital organs.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is preferred to detect ischemic strokes and provide detailed images of the brain.

A sedentary lifestyle, lacking weight-bearing exercise, increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Rheumatoid arthritis typically involves symmetric joint swelling, affecting joints on both sides of the body.

Administer glucose or sugary drinks immediately to increase blood sugar levels.

Assess for peripheral edema, which indicates the severity of fluid buildup caused by the heart's inability to pump effectively.

Hypoglycemia causes various symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, sweating, weakness, and increased heart rate. These signs signal a low blood sugar level.

A characteristic finding in emphysema due to hyperinflation of the alveoli, making the chest appear rounded.

Individuals with chronic bronchitis who experience symptoms like cyanosis, peripheral edema, and excessive mucous production.

Recommended dietary approach for patients with diverticulitis to promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation.

The location in the right lower quadrant that represents the base of the appendix.

The absence of urine output, often seen in cases of acute kidney injury.

An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and demyelination of nerve fibers.

Inflammation of the optic nerve, often a symptom of multiple sclerosis, causing visual disturbances.

The loss or damage of the myelin sheath, a protective covering around nerve fibers, leading to impaired nerve conduction.

Abnormal structures in the brain, composed of aggregated tau protein, that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

A shortage of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, that is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease.

Irregular functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions, leading to symptoms such as unregulated blood pressure in Parkinson's disease.

Kidney dysfunction caused by a decreased blood supply to the kidneys, often due to cardiovascular collapse.

Kidney dysfunction caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder, due to conditions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate.

Kidney damage caused by factors directly affecting the kidneys, including nephrotoxic agents, ischemia, or intratubular obstruction.

Substances that are harmful to the kidneys, leading to intrinsic renal failure. Examples include certain drugs and chemicals.

A serious condition that occurs when high blood pressure causes damage to the brain, leading to neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma.

An abnormally high blood sugar level, often associated with diabetes but could occur in other conditions.

A condition where the blood has a low level of sodium.

A measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. A low GFR indicates kidney dysfunction.

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin.

A blood test that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. Used to monitor diabetes control.

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone (T3 and T4).

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4).

Excessive alcohol consumption contributes to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome causes muscle weakness that starts in the extremities (hands and feet) and gradually spreads towards the center of the body.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome often results in a rapid heart rate, known as tachycardia.

The normal range for calcium levels in the blood is between 8.6 and 10.3 mg/dL.

Low levels of thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) are characteristic of hypothyroidism, confirming a deficiency of thyroid hormone.

High levels of thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) are a key indicator of hyperthyroidism, showing an overproduction of thyroid hormone.

The normal range for potassium levels in the blood is between 3.5 and 5.3 mmol/L.