Pathophysiology Final Exam Review
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the initial intervention for a mild hypoglycemic event?

  • Encouraging carbohydrate intake
  • Providing oral glucose tablets (correct)
  • Administering glucagon
  • Intravenous dextrose administration

How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?

  • Inhalation of airborne droplets (correct)
  • Direct contact with infected skin
  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Bloodborne transmission

Which assessment finding is specifically indicative of pneumothorax?

  • Hyporesonance to percussion
  • Hyperresonance to percussion (correct)
  • Increased breath sounds on the affected side
  • Decreased chest expansion

What can uncontrolled hypertension potentially lead to?

<p>Renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stable angina differ from unstable angina?

<p>Stable angina is relieved by rest, while unstable angina is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of a gastric ulcer?

<p>Nocturnal epigastric pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is appropriate for a patient with type 2 diabetes?

<p>High-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to recognize familiar people or objects?

<p>Agnosia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurofibrillary abnormality is most commonly found in Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Tau protein tangles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Parkinson's disease, which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is indicative of autonomic disturbances in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Unregulated blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of renal failure is caused by decreased blood supply to the kidneys?

<p>Prerenal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to kidney dysfunction due to urinary outflow obstruction?

<p>Postrenal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of intrinsic renal failure?

<p>Nephrotoxic agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely neurological cause of confusion, stupor, and coma in chronic kidney disease?

<p>Electrolyte imbalance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority nursing intervention for a client diagnosed with right-sided heart failure who presents with bilateral bulging blue neck veins?

<p>Assessing for peripheral edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the forward effect in left-sided heart failure?

<p>Increased perfusion to vital organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming an ischemic stroke?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which modifiable factor contributes to the development of osteoporosis?

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature distinguishes rheumatoid arthritis from other forms of arthritis?

<p>Symmetric joint involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of a hypoglycemic event for a patient with type 1 diabetes, what is the initial intervention?

<p>Providing oral glucose tablets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic is associated with 'pink puffers' in emphysema?

<p>Barrel-shaped chest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign indicative of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Jugular venous distension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism is triggered due to the decreased blood flow caused by left-sided heart failure?

<p>Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common manifestation in 'blue bloaters' suffering from chronic bronchitis?

<p>Peripheral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient diagnosed with diverticulitis, what diet is generally recommended?

<p>High-fiber diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To evaluate for appendicitis, where should the nurse palpate for tenderness?

<p>Right lower quadrant at McBurney's point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding in the urine output of a patient experiencing acute kidney injury?

<p>Anuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological condition is characterized by autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system?

<p>Multiple Sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most indicative of a diagnosis of acute kidney injury?

<p>Elevated serum creatinine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common initial symptom indicating the need to suspect multiple sclerosis?

<p>Visual disturbances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of elevated nitrogenous wastes in chronic kidney disease?

<p>It can cause neurological symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) indicate?

<p>Severe kidney dysfunction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells?

<p>Type 1 diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood test is most useful for monitoring long-term blood sugar levels in diabetic patients?

<p>Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with hypothyroidism, what blood test results are typically observed?

<p>High TSH, low T3, low T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood test results are expected in hyperthyroidism?

<p>Low TSH, high T3, high T4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a nonmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

<p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

<p>Excessive alcohol use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Guillain-Barre Syndrome, how does the muscle weakness typically progress?

<p>Distal to proximal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What autonomic disturbance is commonly associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for calcium levels in the blood?

<p>8.6 - 10.3 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood test result is expected in a patient with hypothyroidism?

<p>Low T4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood test result indicates hyperthyroidism?

<p>High T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production?

<p>Type 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypoglycemia Treatment

For mild hypoglycemia, oral glucose tablets are used as the initial intervention. If the event is severe, glucagon administration may be required.

Tuberculosis Transmission

Tuberculosis is primarily spread through the inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pneumothorax Sign

Hyperresonance to percussion is a common sign of pneumothorax due to the air trapped in the pleural cavity.

Uncontrolled Hypertension Risk

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to severe damage to the kidneys, potentially causing renal failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stable vs. Unstable Angina

Stable angina is relieved by rest, while unstable angina is not. Unstable angina requires immediate attention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gastric Ulcer Symptom

Nocturnal epigastric pain (pain in the upper abdomen during the night) is a key symptom of a gastric ulcer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes Diet

A high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet is often recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emphysema Sign

Pink puffers in emphysema are often characterized by chronic hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jugular Venous Distension (JVD)

Bilateral bulging blue neck veins, a sign of right-sided heart failure. It indicates that blood is backing up in the veins leading to the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forward Effect of Left-Sided Heart Failure

The weakened left ventricle pumps out less blood, which results in reduced blood flow to the aorta and impaired delivery of oxygen to vital organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Best Diagnostic Test for Ischemic Stroke

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is preferred to detect ischemic strokes and provide detailed images of the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modifiable Risk Factor for Osteoporosis

A sedentary lifestyle, lacking weight-bearing exercise, increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distinguishing Feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis typically involves symmetric joint swelling, affecting joints on both sides of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Initial Intervention for Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes

Administer glucose or sugary drinks immediately to increase blood sugar levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Right-Sided Heart Failure: Priority Nursing Intervention

Assess for peripheral edema, which indicates the severity of fluid buildup caused by the heart's inability to pump effectively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypoglycemia: Recognizing Symptoms

Hypoglycemia causes various symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, sweating, weakness, and increased heart rate. These signs signal a low blood sugar level.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrel-shaped chest

A characteristic finding in emphysema due to hyperinflation of the alveoli, making the chest appear rounded.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blue bloaters

Individuals with chronic bronchitis who experience symptoms like cyanosis, peripheral edema, and excessive mucous production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High-fiber diet

Recommended dietary approach for patients with diverticulitis to promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

McBurney's point

The location in the right lower quadrant that represents the base of the appendix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anuria

The absence of urine output, often seen in cases of acute kidney injury.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and demyelination of nerve fibers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optic neuritis

Inflammation of the optic nerve, often a symptom of multiple sclerosis, causing visual disturbances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Demyelination

The loss or damage of the myelin sheath, a protective covering around nerve fibers, leading to impaired nerve conduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tau Protein Tangles

Abnormal structures in the brain, composed of aggregated tau protein, that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dopamine Deficiency

A shortage of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, that is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomic Disturbance

Irregular functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions, leading to symptoms such as unregulated blood pressure in Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prerenal Failure

Kidney dysfunction caused by a decreased blood supply to the kidneys, often due to cardiovascular collapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Postrenal Failure

Kidney dysfunction caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder, due to conditions such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrinsic Renal Failure

Kidney damage caused by factors directly affecting the kidneys, including nephrotoxic agents, ischemia, or intratubular obstruction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nephrotoxic Agents

Substances that are harmful to the kidneys, leading to intrinsic renal failure. Examples include certain drugs and chemicals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypertensive encephalopathy

A serious condition that occurs when high blood pressure causes damage to the brain, leading to neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperglycemia

An abnormally high blood sugar level, often associated with diabetes but could occur in other conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyponatremia

A condition where the blood has a low level of sodium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. A low GFR indicates kidney dysfunction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

A blood test that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. Used to monitor diabetes control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone (T3 and T4).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperthyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor

Excessive alcohol consumption contributes to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Progression

Guillain-Barre Syndrome causes muscle weakness that starts in the extremities (hands and feet) and gradually spreads towards the center of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomic Disturbance in GBS

Guillain-Barre Syndrome often results in a rapid heart rate, known as tachycardia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Calcium Levels

The normal range for calcium levels in the blood is between 8.6 and 10.3 mg/dL.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothyroidism Blood Test

Low levels of thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) are characteristic of hypothyroidism, confirming a deficiency of thyroid hormone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperthyroidism Blood Test

High levels of thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) are a key indicator of hyperthyroidism, showing an overproduction of thyroid hormone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Potassium Levels

The normal range for potassium levels in the blood is between 3.5 and 5.3 mmol/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Patho Final Practice Exam

  • Right-sided heart failure: Bilateral bulging blue neck veins indicate jugular venous distension (JVD). Priority nursing intervention is assessing for peripheral edema to determine its severity.
  • Left-sided heart failure forward effect: Weakened left ventricle leads to inadequate ejection of blood into the aorta, causing increased perfusion to vital organs.
  • Ischemic stroke diagnostic test: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the preferred diagnostic test to detect ischemic strokes.
  • Osteoporosis modifiable factor: Sedentary lifestyle, lack of weight-bearing exercise, is a modifiable risk factor.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis vs. other arthritis: Symmetric joint involvement is the distinguishing characteristic.
  • Hypoglycemic event initial intervention: Providing oral glucose tablets is the initial intervention.
  • Tuberculosis transmission: Inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary transmission method.
  • Pneumothorax assessment finding: Hyperresonance to percussion is indicative of a pneumothorax.
  • Uncontrolled hypertension consequence: Renal failure is a possible consequence.
  • Stable vs. unstable angina: Stable angina is relieved by rest, while unstable angina is not.

Additional Topics

  • Diabetes type 2 recommended diet: A high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet is recommended.
  • Emphysema pink puffers characteristic: Barrel-shaped chest due to hyperinflation and overdistended alveoli.
  • Chronic bronchitis blue bloaters feature: Peripheral edema is a common feature
  • Diverticulitis dietary advice: A high-fiber diet is recommended to promote regular bowel movements.
  • Appendicitis tenderness palpation area: Right lower quadrant at McBurney's point is the area to assess for tenderness.
  • Acute kidney injury characteristic urine finding: Anuria (absence of urine output) is a characteristic finding.
  • Recurrent visual disturbances, difficulty walking, muscle weakness with lesions on brain MRI: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the likely diagnosis, and autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system underlies the symptoms.
  • Peptic ulcer disease major cause: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause.
  • Bacterial meningitis signs: Positive Brudzinski and Kernig signs.
  • Crohn's disease characteristic: Skip lesions, involving patches of inflammation with areas of normal tissue in between.
  • Right-sided heart failure symptoms: Jugular venous distension (JVD), peripheral edema, hepatomegaly
  • Left-sided heart failure symptoms: Dyspnea, pink frothy sputum, and orthopnea.
  • Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) symptoms: Sudden slurred speech, facial droop, and weakness on one side of the body requiring immediate activation of the stroke response.
  • Myasthenia Gravis ocular manifestation: Diplopia (double vision).
  • Myasthenic crisis precipitating factor: Infections are common triggers.
  • Severe Myasthenia Gravis association: Hyperthyroidism
  • Spinal Cord injury, high in spinal column priority intervention: Assess airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
  • Spinal cord injury, descending tracts damage significance: Motor deficits.
  • Meningitis classic signs: Fever, nuchal rigidity, and headache
  • Common type of meningitis: Viral
  • Gout diagnosis: Elevated uric acid levels are a diagnostic indication.
  • Hypothyroidism blood test result: High TSH, low T3, low T4
  • Hyperthyroidism blood test result: Low TSH, high T3, high T4
  • Potassium level normal range: 3.5 - 5.3 mmol/L
  • Type 1 diabetes: Lack of insulin production

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Patho Final Practice Exam PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in pathophysiology, including heart failure, stroke diagnostics, and chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. This quiz covers vital nursing interventions and disease mechanisms essential for nursing practice.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser