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A patient newly diagnosed with HIV asks how the virus affects the immune system. Which is the best response by the nurse?
A patient newly diagnosed with HIV asks how the virus affects the immune system. Which is the best response by the nurse?
A nurse is caring for a patient with AIDS who has a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL. Which condition should the nurse monitor for as the most common opportunistic infection?
A nurse is caring for a patient with AIDS who has a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL. Which condition should the nurse monitor for as the most common opportunistic infection?
Which statement by a patient indicates correct understanding of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which statement by a patient indicates correct understanding of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
A nurse is caring for a patient experiencing a hemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving incompatible blood. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the patient experiencing?
A nurse is caring for a patient experiencing a hemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving incompatible blood. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the patient experiencing?
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A patient has a negative HIV ELISA test but is concerned about recent risky behavior. What is the best response by the nurse?
A patient has a negative HIV ELISA test but is concerned about recent risky behavior. What is the best response by the nurse?
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What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with HIV experiencing severe diarrhea and weight loss?
What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with HIV experiencing severe diarrhea and weight loss?
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A nurse educates a patient about the role of IgE in allergic responses. Which statement by the patient shows understanding?
A nurse educates a patient about the role of IgE in allergic responses. Which statement by the patient shows understanding?
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A nurse is educating a patient diagnosed with HIV about legal requirements for disclosure in Ohio. Which statement by the nurse is accurate?
A nurse is educating a patient diagnosed with HIV about legal requirements for disclosure in Ohio. Which statement by the nurse is accurate?
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A patient newly prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) asks about its goals. Which is the nurse's best response?
A patient newly prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) asks about its goals. Which is the nurse's best response?
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Which of the following best describes how HIV impacts the immune system?
Which of the following best describes how HIV impacts the immune system?
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A nurse is educating a group about opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Which of the following is a fungal infection most commonly seen in this population?
A nurse is educating a group about opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Which of the following is a fungal infection most commonly seen in this population?
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Which statement made by a patient indicates understanding of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which statement made by a patient indicates understanding of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
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A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops a hemolytic reaction. What type of hypersensitivity is this?
A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops a hemolytic reaction. What type of hypersensitivity is this?
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A patient with recent high-risk exposure tests negative for HIV using an ELISA test. What should the nurse advise?
A patient with recent high-risk exposure tests negative for HIV using an ELISA test. What should the nurse advise?
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What is the primary goal of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in HIV treatment?
What is the primary goal of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in HIV treatment?
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A patient develops swelling and difficulty breathing after receiving antibiotics. What is the nurse's first action?
A patient develops swelling and difficulty breathing after receiving antibiotics. What is the nurse's first action?
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Which recommendation should the nurse provide to minimize the impact of reduced immunity in older adults?
Which recommendation should the nurse provide to minimize the impact of reduced immunity in older adults?
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A nurse assesses a patient with HIV and suspects Kaposi sarcoma. Which finding is most consistent with this condition?
A nurse assesses a patient with HIV and suspects Kaposi sarcoma. Which finding is most consistent with this condition?
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A patient with HIV asks about their legal responsibility to disclose their status. What is the nurse's best response?
A patient with HIV asks about their legal responsibility to disclose their status. What is the nurse's best response?
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A nurse is teaching a patient diagnosed with Type I hypersensitivity reaction about potential triggers. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
A nurse is teaching a patient diagnosed with Type I hypersensitivity reaction about potential triggers. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
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A patient with SLE presents with a red, butterfly-shaped rash on their face. Which of the following interventions is the priority for the nurse?
A patient with SLE presents with a red, butterfly-shaped rash on their face. Which of the following interventions is the priority for the nurse?
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A nurse is monitoring a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy for SLE. Which of the following findings requires immediate intervention?
A nurse is monitoring a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy for SLE. Which of the following findings requires immediate intervention?
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A patient undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide for SLE asks the nurse about lifestyle modifications. Which statement by the patient indicates correct understanding?
A patient undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide for SLE asks the nurse about lifestyle modifications. Which statement by the patient indicates correct understanding?
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A patient develops a reaction 48 hours after being exposed to poison ivy. This reaction is characterized by localized redness and itching. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is the nurse dealing with?
A patient develops a reaction 48 hours after being exposed to poison ivy. This reaction is characterized by localized redness and itching. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is the nurse dealing with?
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A patient experiencing an acute Type I hypersensitivity reaction is prescribed epinephrine. Which statement best explains the rationale for this treatment?
A patient experiencing an acute Type I hypersensitivity reaction is prescribed epinephrine. Which statement best explains the rationale for this treatment?
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A nurse is caring for a patient with SLE who complains of joint pain and fatigue. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this patient?
A nurse is caring for a patient with SLE who complains of joint pain and fatigue. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this patient?
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A patient undergoing testing for SLE has a markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and positive anti-DNA antibodies. What is the clinical significance of these findings?
A patient undergoing testing for SLE has a markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and positive anti-DNA antibodies. What is the clinical significance of these findings?
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A nurse is teaching a patient with SLE about strategies to manage skin involvement. Which patient statement indicates a need for further teaching?
A nurse is teaching a patient with SLE about strategies to manage skin involvement. Which patient statement indicates a need for further teaching?
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A patient with a history of Type II hypersensitivity reaction is scheduled for a blood transfusion. What is the nurse's priority action?
A patient with a history of Type II hypersensitivity reaction is scheduled for a blood transfusion. What is the nurse's priority action?
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Study Notes
Immunity/HIV/AIDS: Pathophysiology of HIV
- HIV primarily targets T-helper cells (CD4+ cells)
- This reduces the immune system's ability to fight infections
- HIV is a retrovirus
Opportunistic Infections in AIDS
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is the most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS with a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Education
- Daily PrEP significantly reduces the risk of sexually acquired HIV, by more than 90%
- It does not cure HIV
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Hemolytic transfusion reactions are a type II hypersensitivity reaction
- Involve the destruction of red blood cells due to antibody-antigen interactions
HIV Testing and Window Period
- The window period can be up to three months for detectable antibodies
- Repeat HIV testing 3 months after a negative test, if concerned about recent risky behavior.
Nursing Management for HIV
- The priority nursing diagnosis for patients with HIV experiencing severe diarrhea and weight loss is Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements related to diarrhea.
- This requires interventions to restore nutritional balance quickly
Immunoglobulins and Hypersensitivity Reactions
- IgE antibodies increase during allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
- IgE antibodies play a key role in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis by binding to allergens and triggering histamine release
HIV and Ohio Law on Disclosure
- Individuals with HIV are mandated to disclose their status to partners before sexual activity in Ohio.
HAART Therapy Goals
- The primary goal of HAART is to decrease viral load and increase CD4+ count.
- HAART does not cure HIV
HIV Pathophysiology
- HIV destroys CD4+ T-helper cells, impairing immune responses
- HIV does not affect red blood cells or directly attack the spleen.
Opportunistic Infections in AIDS
- The nurse should monitor for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia when a patient has a CD4+ count of 150 cells/µL.
HIV Transmission Prevention
- Daily PrEP intake can significantly reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual contact
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Hemolytic transfusion reactions are a type II hypersensitivity reaction
HIV Testing and Window Period
- Repeat HIV testing in 3 months is recommended after a negative result for a patient with concerning recent risk behavior.
- The window period refers to the time between exposure and detectable antibodies, which can be up to three months
HAART Therapy Goals
- HAART aims to suppress viral load and improve immune function by increasing CD4+ cell counts
Nursing Care for Hypersensitivity
- Establish and maintain a patent airway if a patient develops swelling and difficulty breathing after receiving antibiotics.
Education on Immune Health for Older Adults
- To support immunity in older adults, nurses should recommend adequate sleep, hydration, and nutrition.
Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV
- Purple or brown lesions on the skin and mucous membranes are consistent with Kaposi sarcoma.
- Kaposi sarcoma is frequently associated with late-stage HIV/AIDS
Patient Education on HIV Disclosure
- Patients should disclose their HIV status before any sexual activity in accordance with applicable Ohio law.
Hypersensitivity and SLE
- Type I hypersensitivity reactions are not limited to the flu season
- Educating patients with SLE about effective sun protection is crucial.
SLE Corticosteroid Therapy
- Black, tarry stools in a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy for SLE indicate gastrointestinal bleeding, a serious side effect,requiring immediate intervention
SLE Treatment with Cyclophosphamide
- Patients undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide for SLE should avoid crowded places and report fever to their doctors.
- Patients on cyclophosphamide are at higher risk of infection due to the immunosuppressive effects of the medications.
Hypersensitivity Poison Ivy Reaction
- A delayed response (Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction occurs 48 hours after exposure.
- The reaction is characterized by localized redness and itching.
Hypersensitivity Reactions and Epinephrine
- Epinephrine reverses bronchospasm and vasodilation caused by histamine release in Type I hypersensitivity reactions
SLE Nursing Diagnosis
- Risk for activity intolerance is a priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with SLE, if experiencing fatigue and joint pain.
SLE Diagnosis
- Positive anti-DNA antibodies and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) support SLE diagnosis.
- These results suggest systemic inflammation and autoimmunity.
SLE Skin Management
- Tanning beds exacerbate skin lesions, which can worsen symptoms in SLE patients.
- Protect from sun and use sunscreen is important.
Blood Transfusion in Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Ensuring the blood type is correctly matched, and verified by two nurses, is crucial to prevent hemolytic reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pathophysiology of HIV and AIDS, including opportunistic infections, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions. This quiz also covers HIV testing protocols and nursing management for HIV patients. Perfect for health science students and professionals!
