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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Which component of the hemoglobin molecule surrounds an atom of iron that binds oxygen?
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
Which laboratory test measures the total number of red blood cells in blood?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells that can lead to blockages in blood vessels?
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What is the term for a type of hemolytic anemia where the immune system destroys its own red blood cells?
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In Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), what does a low value indicate?
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What are the common manifestations of impaired oxygen transport?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by premature destruction of red blood cells?
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What can acute blood loss anemia cause?
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How is sickle cell disease primarily different from other types of anemia?
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Which type of anemia results from inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis?
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Which term describes the condition characterized by abnormally high red blood cell mass?
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What is a common trigger for sickling episodes in sickle cell disease?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by enlarged red blood cells due to impaired DNA synthesis?
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Study Notes
Manifestations of Impaired Oxygen Transport
- Anemia results from impaired oxygen transport, leading to compensatory mechanisms
- Signs and symptoms: fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, headache, faintness, pallor, tachycardia, low cardiac output, palpitations, ventricular hypertrophy
Primary Causes of Anemia
- Excessive loss of red cells from bleeding
- Destruction (hemolysis) of RBCs
- Defective RBC production
- Inadequate RBC production due to bone marrow failure
Red Blood Cell Indices
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): reflects RBC size
- Microcytic: smaller than normal
- Macrocytic: larger than normal
- Normocytic: normal size
- MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration): reflects average amount of hemoglobin in RBCs
- Normochromic: normal color
- Hypochromic: pale color
Types of Anemia
-
Acute Blood Loss Anemia
- Excessive loss of red cells from bleeding
- Clinical and red cell changes depend on rate of hemorrhage and whether bleeding is internal or external
- Causes circulatory collapse
-
Chronic Blood Loss Anemia
- Leads to iron deficiency anemia
- Asymptomatic until Hgb < 8 d/dL
- GI bleeding, menstrual disorders
- RBCs produced have too little Hgb
- Microcytic and hypochromic
-
Hemolytic Anemia
- Characterized by premature destruction of RBCs
- Shortened life-span
- Increased bone marrow activity
- Normocytic and normochromic
-
Sickle Cell Disease
- Abnormal substitution of an amino acid in hemoglobin molecules
- Inherited disorder
- Recessive disorder
- Sickle cell trait
- Sickle cell disease
- Clinical manifestations: acute pain, jaundice, vaso-occlusive crisis
-
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Etiology: dietary deficiency, loss of iron through bleeding
- Impoverished populations
- Vegetarians
- GI bleeding
- Menstruation
- Pregnant women
- Microcytic and hypochromic
- Clinical manifestations: pica, spoon-shaped deformity of fingernails, glossitis, angular cheilitis, dysphagia
-
Megaloblastic Anemia
- Caused by impaired DNA synthesis
- MCV > 100 fL
- Impaired maturation and division
- Develops slowly
- Vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency
-
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Essential for DNA synthesis and normal red blood cell maturation
- Risk factors: proton pump inhibitors, GI disease, gastrectomy, or gastric bypass
- Pathophysiology: vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor
- Clinical manifestations: mild jaundice, neurologic changes
- Macrocytic and normochromic
-
Folic Acid Deficiency
- Required for DNA synthesis and red cell maturation
- Etiology: dietary deficiency, alcohol abuse, celiac disease
- Clinical manifestations: similar to Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Macrocytic and normochromic
-
Aplastic Anemia
- Disorder of bone marrow stem cells
- Reduction of all three hematopoietic cell lines
- Pancytopenia
- Etiology: high doses of radiation, chemotherapy, chemicals, and toxins
- Clinical manifestations: fatigue, weakness, frequent infections
-
Chronic Disease Anemia
- Complication of chronic infections, inflammation, cancer
- Renal failure
- Kidneys are primary site for erythropoietin
- Clinical manifestations: fatigue, weakness, pallor
Polycythemia
- Abnormally high total red blood cell mass
- Increased RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
- Increased blood volume and viscosity
- Clinical manifestations: hypertension, headache, dizziness, decreased cerebral blood flow, venous stasis, thromboembolism
Geriatric Considerations
- HCT levels are lower after age 60
- Decreased production of RBCs
- Chronic illnesses, infection
- Anemia in elderly is never normal
- Nutrient deficiencies secondary to altered absorption, interference by medications, malabsorption
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Description
This quiz covers the disorders of hemostasis, including inappropriate blood clotting and insufficient clotting to stop blood flow. It discusses the mechanisms of thrombosis and bleeding in relation to hemostasis.
