Pathophysiology of Sleep-Wake Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which medication is commonly prescribed off-label for sleep disorders?

  • Citalopram
  • Quetiapine (correct)
  • Sertraline
  • Fluoxetine

    • Antihistamines are generally considered wake-promoting hormones.

    False

    What is one possible effect of antihistamines that some patients experience?

    Dry mouth

    ______ is a commonly used herbal remedy to assist with sleep.

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their primary use:

    <p>Trazodone = Antidepressant used for sleep Olanzapine = Antipsychotic for treatment refractory sleep disorders Diphenhydramine = Over-the-counter antihistamine for sleep Melatonin = Supplement for sleep regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about herbal remedies is true?

    <p>There is evidence supporting some of their effectiveness for sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    New treatments for insomnia have not yet been introduced to the market.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in sleep-wake disorders?

    <p>Wake-promoting hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of REM sleep?

    <p>Brain restoration and cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysfunctional REM sleep can lead to sleepwalking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one potential risk associated with the use of benzodiazepine receptor agonist sleep aids.

    <p>Suppression of REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person does not get enough REM sleep, their memory may be ___.

    <p>impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sleep medication types with their associated effects:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Suppression of REM sleep Tricyclic Antidepressants = Sedative effects Orexin antagonists = Induction of sleep Melatonin = Regulation of circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes orexin antagonists?

    <p>Medications that induce sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychological dependence on sleep aids can occur with prolonged usage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible consequence of not having enough REM sleep?

    <p>Cognitive dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of benzodiazepine receptor agonists in treating sleep disorders?

    <p>To calm down the cerebral cortex and suppress arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melatonin agonists work by inhibiting the effects of the natural sleep-producing hormone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient do if they cannot sleep and are awake in bed?

    <p>Get out of bed and go into another room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidepressants can be used in sleep disorders by capitalizing on their adverse effects of ________.

    <p>sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medications with their primary function in treating sleep disorders:

    <p>Benzodiazepine receptor agonists = Calm the cerebral cortex Melatonin agonists = Mimic sleep hormone Antihistamines = Address wake-promoting hormone imbalance Antidepressants = Provide sedation effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is known for being controlled substances often used to treat sleep disorders?

    <p>Benzodiazepine receptor agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychological dependence on sleep aids is a common risk associated with long-term use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using antihistamines in sleep disorder treatment?

    <p>They help balance the wake-promoting hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Off-Label Sleep Medications

    • Antihistamines are commonly prescribed off-label to treat sleep disorders despite their wake-promoting effects.

    Antihistamine Effects

    • Some patients may experience drowsiness as a side effect of antihistamines.

    Herbal Remedies for Sleep

    • Valerian is a commonly used herbal remedy to promote sleep.

    Herbal Remedies for Insomnia

    • Not all herbal remedies are safe or effective and may interact with other medications.

    New Treatments for Insomnia

    • New treatments for insomnia are constantly being developed and introduced to the market.

    Histamine's Role in Sleep-Wake Disorders

    • Histamine plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, with lower levels associated with sleepiness.

    REM Sleep Function

    • REM sleep plays a vital role in memory consolidation and emotional processing.

    REM Sleep Dysfunction

    • Dysfunctional REM sleep can manifest as sleep paralysis, nightmares, and vivid dreams, but not sleepwalking.

    Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist Risks

    • A potential risk associated with benzodiazepine receptor agonist sleep aids is the development of tolerance and dependence, resulting in the need for higher doses over time.

    REM Sleep Deprivation and Memory

    • Insufficient REM sleep can negatively impact memory consolidation, leading to impaired memory function.

    Sleep Medication Types and Effects

    • Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists: These medications promote sleep by enhancing the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits neuronal activity.
    • Melatonin Agonists: These medications act by mimicking the effects of melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
    • Orexin Antagonists: These medications block the activity of orexin, a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness.

    Orexin Antagonists

    • Orexin antagonists are newer medications that target specific neurotransmitters involved in regulating wakefulness.

    Sleep Aid Dependence

    • Continued use of sleep aids can lead to psychological dependency, resulting in a reliance on the medication to fall asleep.

    Insufficient REM Sleep Consequences

    • Insufficient REM sleep can lead to various negative consequences, including impaired memory, mood disturbances, and difficulty concentrating.

    Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist Function

    • Benzodiazepine receptor agonists aim to improve sleep by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.

    Melatonin Agonist Mechanism

    • Melatonin agonists do not inhibit the natural sleep-producing hormone, but rather enhance its effects.

    Sleeplessness and Bedtime Routine

    • If a person cannot sleep and is awake in bed, they should get out of bed and engage in relaxing activities until they feel tired.

    Antidepressant Use in Sleep Disorders

    • Antidepressants can be used to treat sleep disorders by capitalizing on their sedative side effects.

    Sleep Disorder Medication Function

    • Antihistamines: While commonly used off-label, their wake-promoting effects make them less suitable for long-term treatment of sleep disorders.
    • Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists: These medications are effective in promoting sleep but carry the risk of dependence and tolerance.
    • Melatonin Agonists: These medications are generally considered safer than other options but may cause side effects like daytime drowsiness.
    • Orexin Antagonists: New medications targeting the orexin system, offering potential for effective and safe sleep management.

    Controlled Substances in Sleep Disorders

    • Benzodiazepine receptor agonists are a class of medications regulated as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and addiction.

    Psychological Dependency Risks

    • Psychological reliance on sleep aids can develop over time and lead to increased dosage or dependence.

    Antihistamines in Sleep Disorder Treatment

    • Antihistamines may offer temporary relief from insomnia by inducing drowsiness, but they are not considered a long-term solution due to their potential for daytime sleepiness and lack of efficacy in addressing the underlying causes of sleep disturbances.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the complexities of sleep-wake disorders, focusing on insomnia and its various causes. Understand the underlying pathophysiology, types of insomnia, and how different conditions can impact sleep patterns. Learn the significance of sleep hygiene and its role in effective management.

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