Pathophysiology and Cell Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

To produce ribosomes and transfer them.

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Intracellular digestion.

Mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration.

True

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>It is a network of membranes throughout the cell involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are involved in cell division?

<p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

<p>It provides structural support and shape to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?

<p>Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

<p>Active transport requires energy to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, while passive transport occurs without the use of energy and follows the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell transport?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define hyperplasia.

<p>An increase in the number of cells in a tissue, often due to controlled cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define hypertrophy.

<p>An increase in the size of individual cells in a tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define necrosis.

<p>Uncontrolled cell death, often characterized by cell swelling and rupture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of Gaucher's disease?

<p>Enlarged spleen and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of cystic fibrosis?

<p>It affects the respiratory and digestive systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major class of tissues?

<p>Vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

<p>It forms a protective barrier and lines body surfaces and cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

<p>Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of connective tissue?

<p>It provides structural support and connects and anchors different tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

<p>Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the matrix of blood?

<p>It serves as a connective tissue at the cellular level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen fibers are essential for connecting and supporting tissues.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elastic fibers contribute to the distensibility of arteries.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of reticular fibers?

<p>They form the supporting framework of organs, providing structure and flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscles are responsible for contracting and generating force, enabling movement.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart?

<p>Cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nerves?

<p>They transmit electrical signals, coordinating and controlling body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects collagen.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of the inflammatory process?

<p>It is a complex response to tissue injury or infection, involving local and systemic changes, increased capillary permeability, and a crucial role in immune response and tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of acute inflammation?

<p>A vascular component involving blood vessel changes and a cellular component involving the recruitment of white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) during inflammation?

<p>They migrate to the site of injury and engulf debris and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is resolution in the context of inflammation?

<p>It refers to the regression of the inflammatory process without significant tissue destruction and the return of the tissues to normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a local effect of inflammation?

<p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of chemical mediators in inflammation?

<p>They are signaling molecules involved in the inflammatory process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical agents can intensify inflammation, contributing to tissue injury.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mast cells in inflammation?

<p>They release histamine, a vasodilator, contributing to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and how are they produced?

<p>They are inflammatory mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinin is a mediator released during inflammation that contributes to vasodilation and vascular permeability.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complement system consists of proteins that interact in a regular sequence, activated by antigen-antibody reactions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomal enzymes are only found in neutrophils, contributing to tissue injury.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the initiation of inflammation?

<p>They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells contribute to the activation of the immune response during inflammation?

<p>They release cytokines and chemokines, signaling molecules that attract and activate other immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes contribute to the amplification of inflammation?

<p>They migrate to the site of inflammation, releasing mediators that enhance the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anti-inflammatory signals in the resolution of inflammation?

<p>They dampen the immune response, promoting tissue healing and restoring homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation can result in tissue damage, scarring, and fibrosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main causes of chronic inflammation?

<p>Persistent stimuli, such as autoimmune reactions or chronic infections, can lead to chronic inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathophysiology

  • Study of abnormalities in the body
  • Pathos = suffering/disease
  • Physis = origin
  • Logos = study of

Cells

Cell Structure

  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism

Somatic Cells

  • Neuron
  • Red blood cell
  • Osteocyte
  • Skeletal muscle cell

Organelles

Nucleus

  • Control center of the cell
  • Contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Directs cell activities
  • Nucleolus produces ribosomes & transfers them

Lysosomes

  • Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
  • Break down waste materials and cellular debris
  • Participate in autophagy (self-digestion) and apoptosis
  • Clean waste or kill the cell
  • Self-digestion

Mitochondria

  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Generates energy (ATP) through cellular respiration
  • Has its own DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Network of membranes
  • Rough ER: ribosomes, protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER: lipid metabolism

Golgi Apparatus

  • Modifies, sorts and packages proteins/lipids
  • Intracellular transport

Centrioles

  • Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis)
  • Organise microtubules during spindle formation

Cytoskeleton

  • Network of filaments and tubules
  • Provides structural support and shape
  • Cell movement and intracellular transport (microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments)

Lipid Bilayer

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Integral protein
  • Extracellular fluid
  • Pore
  • Channel
  • Polar head (hydrophilic)
  • Fatty acid tail (hydrophobic)

Cellular Transport

  • Active transport: against concentration gradient using ATP
  • Passive transport: along concentration gradient without ATP
    • Simple diffusion
    • Facilitated diffusion (more selective)

Osmosis

  • Hypertonic solution
  • Isotonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution
  • Endocytosis / Exocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis

Cellular Changes

  • Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
  • Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
  • Metaplasia: reversible cell type change
  • Dysplasia: abnormal cell development

Necrosis & Apoptosis

  • Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death
  • Apoptosis: programmed cell death

Dysfunctions

  • Mitochondria
    • Symptoms (e.g., sudden vision loss)
    • Genetic mutations in mtDNA

Tissues

Major Classes

  • Nervous tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue

Tissue Types

Epithelium

  • Protective barrier
  • Lines body surfaces and cavities
  • Squamous, cuboidal, columnar (Functions: diffusion, secretion, absorption)

Connective and Supporting Tissues

  • Provides structural support
  • Connects and anchors different tissues (e.g., fibrous, cartilage, elastic, reticular, bone, hematopoietic, adipose)

Muscle Tissues

  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle

Nervous Tissue

  • Nerve
  • Transmits electrical signals
  • Coordinates and controls body functions
  • (Examples of components include neurons, glial cells, ependymal cells, microglia, schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, satellite cells).

Inflammation

Acute Inflammation

  • Earliest phase
  • Occurs immediately after injury (lasts 24-48 hours)
  • Has both vascular (blood vessels) and cellular components
  • PMNs clear debris
  • Body's response depends on damage

Effects

- Local effects (e.g., capillary dilation, increased blood flow, increased capillary permeability, swelling).
-System effects (e.g., fever, leukocyte activation, cytokine release).

Chemical Mediators

  • Signaling molecules involved in inflammatory process
  • (e.g., mediators from blood plasma, complement system, lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, chemokines).

Resolution

  • Regression of inflammation without tissue destruction
  • Tissues return to normal
  • PMNs (neutrophils) break down and digest themselves

Repair

  • Removal of harmful agents (e.g., phagocytosis of pathogens)
  • Anti-inflammatory signals (e.g., cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-beta)

Chronic Inflammation

  • Prolonged inflammatory response
  • Persistent stimuli (e.g., infection, autoimmune reactions) lead to sustained inflammation
  • Tissue damage and fibrosis
  • Result of chronic inflammation include tissue damage, scarring, and fibrosis.

Mediators

  • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: synthesized from arachidonic acid, distributed throughout tissues.
  • Blood plasma mediators (e.g., bradykinin, complement system components)
  • Lysosomal enzymes: damage tissues
  • Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs)

Initiation

  • Harmful stimuli initiate inflammatory response
  • Cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells) recognize stimuli & release mediators

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of pathophysiology and cell structure with this quiz. It delves into organelles, somatic cells, and key cellular functions, highlighting how cells contribute to the body's overall health. Test your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental biological concepts!

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