Cell Biology and Pathophysiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of x-linked SCID?

  • BTK
  • Common-gamma chain (correct)
  • PNP
  • ZAP-70

    • What primarily distinguishes the HLA alleles HLA-A*02 01 and HLA-A 02 02?

  • Synonymous polymorphism(s) of the non-coding regions
  • Non-synonymous polymorphism(s) of the coding region (correct)
  • Non-synonymous polymorphism(s) that determine the serotype
  • Synonymous polymorphism(s) of the coding regions

    • What is one of the first indicators of cell injury?

  • Na/K ATPase impairment
  • Loss of DNA integrity
  • Loss of membrane integrity (correct)
  • Decrease protein synthesis

    • What is a main consequence of anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>Lactate accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is known for producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

    <p>Phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autophagy responsible for?

    <p>Degrading unwanted cell components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does the DNA Damage Response have on cells?

    <p>Repairing DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not involved in phase I biotransformations?

    <p>UDP glucuronyl-transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of proteins is characteristic of Bcl-2 family proteins?

    <p>Anti-apoptotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the apoptosome?

    <p>Cytochrome c and Apaf-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer was the leading cause of death in the early 1930s?

    <p>Stomach cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines an oncogene?

    <p>A dominantly expressed mutated gene giving growth/survival advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein could be coded by a tumor-suppressor gene?

    <p>A protein that helps repair DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of p53 allows it to inhibit cancer development?

    <p>Induces apoptosis in damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is NOT commonly mutated in colorectal cancer?

    <p>HER2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer stem cells?

    <p>Strict requirement for symmetric division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

    <p>Ability to undergo metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding exosomes is incorrect?

    <p>Exosomes originate from the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell does NOT promote tumor progression?

    <p>M1 macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene alteration is currently deemed not directly targetable by cancer therapy?

    <p>KRAS mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancer types has a very high number of non-synonymous mutations?

    <p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breast tumor subtype typically has the worst prognosis?

    <p>Basal-like breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    X-Linked SCID

    • Most common X-linked SCID is caused by a deficiency in the common-gamma chain.

    HLA Alleles

    • HLA-A02:01 and HLA-A02:02 differ due to non-synonymous polymorphisms in the coding region, which determine the serotype.

    Cell Injury

    • One of the earliest signs of cell injury is loss of membrane integrity.

    Anaerobic Glycolysis

    • The main consequence of anaerobic glycolysis is lactate accumulation.

    Hypoxic Injury

    • One of the first cellular signs of mild hypoxic injury is swelling.

    Protease Activation

    • Protease activation is triggered by increased cytosolic calcium.

    ROS Production

    • Phagocytes produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

    Autophagy

    • Autophagy degrades unwanted cellular components and is associated with aging.

    DNA Damage Response

    • The DNA damage response allows cells to repair DNA damage and induce apoptosis.

    Biotransformations Enzymes

    • UDP glucuronyl-transferase is not involved in phase I biotransformations.

    Steatosis

    • Steatosis involves intracellular accumulation of triglycerides.

    Pneumoconiosis

    • Pneumoconiosis involves lung accumulation of carbon particles, silica fibers, and asbestos fibers.

    Hemosiderosis

    • Hemosiderosis reflects iron accumulation.

    Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

    • NAFLD is associated with obesity.

    Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

    • Perforin does not trigger the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.

    Bcl-2 Family Proteins

    • Bcl-2 family proteins are primarily anti-apoptotic.

    Apoptosome

    • The apoptosome is composed of cytochrome c and Apaf-1.

    Leading Cause of Death (1930s)

    • Stomach cancer was the leading cause of death around 1930.

    Oncogene Definition

    • An oncogene is a dominantly expressed mutated gene giving a growth/survival advantage.

    Tumor Suppressor Gene Products

    • A tumor suppressor gene can code for a protein that controls progression through the cell cycle.

    p53 Function

    • P53 prevents the replication of cells with damaged DNA.

    Colorectal Cancer Genes

    • The gene SMAD4 is not commonly mutated in colorectal cancer.

    Cancer Stem Cells

    • Cancer stem cells are characterized by an inability to undergo symmetric division.

    Malignant vs. Benign Tumors

    • A malignant tumor undergoes metastasis.

    Exosomes

    • Exosomes are not the same size as microvesicles.

    Tumor Progression Effectors

    • M1 macrophages do not generally favor tumor progression.

    Targetable Gene Alterations in Cancer Therapy

    • KRAS mutations are not directly targetable by current cancer therapies.

    Cancer Types with High Non-Synonymous Mutations

    • Melanoma has a high number of non-synonymous mutations.

    Breast Cancer Prognosis

    • Basal-like breast cancer has the worst prognosis.

    Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells

    • CAR T cells do not recognize native tumor antigens in their first generation.

    Active Tumor Immunotherapy

    • Anti-CTLA4 is generally more toxic than anti-PD1.

    RECIST Criteria

    • Absence of change is not a defined RECIST term.

    HLA Class I & II Expression

    • Dendritic cells express both Class I and Class II HLA molecules.

    Th Cells

    • TLRs on APCs influence Th cell priming.

    Autoimmune Disease Pathogenesis

    • Autoimmune diseases are not always driven by autoantibodies.

    Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

    • Systemic autoimmune diseases are not primarily due to type I hypersensitivity.

    Live Attenuated Vaccines

    • Oral administration is associated with polio vaccine.

    HIV POL Gene Product

    • HIV POL encodes for reverse transcriptase.

    HLA-DRB1*03:01

    • HLA-DRB1*03:01 is a genotypic class II designation.

    HIV Long-Term Non-Progressors

    • Long-term non-progressors avoid AIDS for 20 years without therapy.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in cell biology and pathophysiology, including X-linked SCID, HLA alleles, cell injury, and more. This quiz covers cellular functions, injury responses, and biochemical pathways involved in health and disease. Challenge yourself with questions related to anaerobic glycolysis, reactive oxygen species, and autophagy.

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