Cell Biology and Pathophysiology Quiz

A recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), resulting in a deficiency of ADA activity. ADA is essential for the purine salvage pathway, which breaks down and recycles purines.

A type of polymorphism that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein. These changes can affect the protein's function, leading to different phenotypes.

One of the first signs of cell injury, characterized by an influx of water and ions into the cell, causing the cell to swell.

The accumulation of lactate in the body as a result of anaerobic glycolysis. This process is used by cells to produce energy when oxygen is limited.

A type of cell death that involves an orderly and controlled dismantling of the cell. The process requires the activation of a cascade of enzymes called caspases.

The process by which cells degrade unwanted or damaged components through the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. These autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, where the contents are broken down.

A cellular response to DNA damage. It involves the activation of various signaling pathways that can lead to DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis.

The accumulation of triglycerides within the liver cells. This can be caused by various factors, including obesity, diabetes, and alcohol consumption.

A family of proteins that regulate apoptosis. Bcl-2 proteins can be either pro-apoptotic (promoting cell death) or anti-apoptotic (inhibiting cell death).

A gene that when mutated or overexpressed can contribute to the development of cancer. Oncogenes often promote cell growth, survival, or proliferation.

A gene that normally suppresses tumor formation. When these genes are mutated or inactivated, cancer is more likely to develop.

A protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by stopping the cell cycle when DNA damage is detected. It helps to ensure that damaged DNA is repaired before the cell divides.

A protein that helps regulate the cell cycle and is frequently mutated in cancer. It acts as a 'gatekeeper' preventing cells from dividing when they shouldn't.

A type of cancer cell that possesses the ability to self-renew and differentiate, giving rise to the heterogeneity of the tumor.

A tumor that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites in the body.

Small vesicles released by cells that carry molecules, such as proteins and RNA, to other cells. They play a role in cell-to-cell communication and can contribute to cancer progression.

A type of macrophage that promotes tumor growth and suppresses anti-tumor immune responses.

A type of targeted therapy that uses antibodies or other molecules to block the activity of specific proteins involved in cancer growth and survival.

A type of immunotherapy that uses engineered T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. These T cells express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that specifically target tumor antigens.

A type of immunotherapy that stimulates the immune system to fight cancer. It works by blocking checkpoints on immune cells, allowing them to attack tumor cells more effectively.

A set of criteria used to assess the response of cancer to treatment. It evaluates the size and number of tumors over time.

Cells that express both Class I and Class II MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules.

A type of T helper cell that secretes cytokines like IL-17, promoting inflammation and tissue damage. They play a role in autoimmune diseases.

A disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.