Pathoma Flashcards - Cellular Adaptations

1. Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (cytochrome c), 2. Extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway (FAS ligand), 3. Cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated pathway (granzyme)

It stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane by binding to bax/bak, in order to inhibit leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol.

Cellular injury, DNA damage, and loss of hormonal stimulation. Inactivation of Bcl2 allows cytochrome c to leak from the inner mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm and activate caspases.

<p>FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor (CD95) on the target cell, activating caspases. Alternatively, TNF binds the TNF receptor on the target cell, activating caspases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD8 T cells secrete perforins, which create pores in the membrane of target cells. They then secrete granzymes, which can enter through the pores and activate caspases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative selection in the thymus, which assesses whether or not the T cell binds too avidly to self-Ag. If it does, FAS ligand is expressed, binds FAS death receptor, apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FAS-induced apoptosis and perforin pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O2 + 1 electron = superoxide (O2-), 2 = hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 3 = hydroxyl radical (*OH), 4 = water (H2O).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionizing radiation, inflammation, metals accumulation, drugs and chemicals, reperfusion after ischemic injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is hydrolyzed to hydroxyl free radical (•OH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in organ size by hypertrophy or hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene activation, increased protein synthesis, increased production of organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of new cells from stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being a permanent tissue, it grows via hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathologic hyperplasias increase risk for cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased hormonal stimulation, disuse, decreased nutrient/blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in size and number of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autophagic vacuoles engulf cellular components that are no longer needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A change in cell type, most commonly involving surface epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change from non-keratinizing stratified squamous to non-ciliated columnar with goblet cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove the stressor, such as treating acid reflux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces and maturation of certain immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficiency leads to metaplastic changes in specialized epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation of skeletal muscle induces metaplastic change in connective tissue to produce bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disordered cellular growth, often referring to proliferation of precancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which is a dysplastic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure of cell production during embryogenesis, e.g. unilateral renal agenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a small organ, e.g. streak ovary in Turner syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a stress exceeds the cell's ability to adapt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slowly developing ischemia leads to atrophy; acute ischemia results in injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation, nutritional deficiency (or excess), hypoxia, trauma, genetic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It hinders ATP production by limiting oxygen availability in the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced blood flow through an organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased arterial perfusion, decreased venous drainage, shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A low partial pressure of O2 in the blood (i.e. PaO2 &lt; 60 mm Hg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxemia, reduced carrying capacity of blood, ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With hemoglobin loss or dysfunction. Examples include anemia and CO poisoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO binds hemoglobin more avidly than O2 does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia: both normal; CO poisoning: PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoke from fires and exhaust from cars or gas heaters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cherry-red appearance of skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+, RBCs can't bind O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With oxidant stress and in newborns (immature Fe-reducing enzymes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chocolate-colored blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous methylene blue helps reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na-K pumps, aerobic glycolysis, leading to swelling and lactic acid buildup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of microvilli and membrane blebbing indicate cytosol swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leakage of cytosolic enzymes and additional Ca++ entering the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of the nucleus by condensation, fragmentation, and dissolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis and apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis is self-initiated; necrosis involves inflammation and large groups of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis where the organ and cell structures are preserved by coagulation of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic infarction in any organ but the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will have maintained its shape, with an often wedge-shaped and pale infarcted area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When blood re-enters a loosely organized tissue; examples include testicular and pulmonary infarctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied by enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any time an organ is exposed to proteolytic enzymes, in the brain, abscesses, and pancreatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the result of either infection or necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat and liquefactive necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative, liquefactive, gangrenous, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characteristic of ischemia of the lower limb and GI tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft and friable, with a cottage cheese appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characteristic of granulomatous inflammation due to tuberculous or fungal infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotic adipose tissue with a chalky-white appearance due to the deposition of Ca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma to fat and pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium deposition in the context of normal calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saponification is an example; necrotic tissue acts as a nidus for calcification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dystrophic: Ca and P levels are normal; metastatic: Ca and P levels are high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carcinoma in situ or fat necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of fatty acids can lead to a giant cell reaction, presenting as a mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotic damage to the blood vessel wall causing proteins to leak into the wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stains bright pink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant hypertension and vasculitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertensive emergency defined as a BP of 180/120 or greater with papilledema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinoid necrosis of the placental vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical species with unpaired electrons in its outer orbit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy dependent, genetically programmed cell death involving single cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endometrial shedding during menstruation, removal of cells during embryogenesis, CD8 T cell-mediated killing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dying cell shrinks, cytoplasm becomes eosinophilic, nucleus condenses and fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caspases are the main mediators that execute cell death by cleaving specific substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers