Cellular Adaptations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes an increase in cell number due to stimulation of cell division?

  • Metaplasia
  • Hyperplasia (correct)
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy

    • Dysplasia refers to a normal arrangement and structure of cells.

    False

    What are two main types of cell death?

    Apoptosis and Necrosis

    In response to a severe and persistent stimulus, cells may undergo ________ and potentially die.

    <p>cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Atrophy = Decrease in cell size Hypertrophy = Increase in cell size Metaplasia = Reversible change of one cell type into another Neoplasia = New abnormal growth of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome when the cell's adaptability is exceeded?

    <p>Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptations in cells are permanent changes that cannot revert to a normal state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular homeostasis requires cells to maintain physiological parameters such as ________, temperature, and oxygenation.

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are continuously dividing in adult life?

    <p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stable cells divide infrequently but can rapidly divide if necessary.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hypertrophy.

    <p>Increase in cell size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ is characterized by an increase in the number of cells within a tissue.

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hyperplasia with their examples:

    <p>Physiological Hyperplasia = Endometrium response to hormones Compensatory Hyperplasia = Partial hepatectomy Pathological Hyperplasia = Excessive hormone stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of atrophy?

    <p>Increased blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Permanent cells can divide but only to a clinically significant level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the adaptive response where squamous epithelium changes to glandular epithelium in reflux esophagitis?

    <p>Pathological Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophy involves the self-digestion of organelles by a process known as ____________.

    <p>autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could lead to pathological hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased functional demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can heat exposure lead to in cells?

    <p>Coagulation and breakdown of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischaemia is caused exclusively by physical agents such as heat and cold.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hazard posed by excessive alcohol metabolism in cells?

    <p>Build up of toxic NAPQI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical injuries can involve disruption of biochemical reactions or compromises to the ________.

    <p>cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cold-related injury with its consequence:

    <p>Frostbite = Ice crystals formation Ischaemia = Vasoconstriction and coagulation Cold exposure = Cell necrosis Vasoconstriction = Reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the condition known as hypoxia?

    <p>Reduced oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischaemia is considered a less severe condition compared to hypoxia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of severe and prolonged cellular stress?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischaemia involves a problem with ____ supply.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the causes of cell injury with their descriptions:

    <p>Oxygen deprivation = Impaired aerobic metabolism Nutritional imbalances = Lack of essential nutrients Physical agents = Trauma to cells Chemical reactions = Exposure to toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular injury?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis and necrosis are two forms of cell death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one scenario that can lead to hypoxia.

    <p>Altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of apoptosis?

    <p>Controlled cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endotoxins are released by living bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitamin deficiency is associated with scurvy?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In excessive nutritional conditions, Vitamin A toxicity can cause __________ problems.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune response with its effect:

    <p>Type 1 hypersensitivity = Anaphylaxis Type 2 hypersensitivity = Autoimmune disorders Type 3 hypersensitivity = Immune complex diseases Type 4 hypersensitivity = Delayed-type hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of necrosis?

    <p>Cell contents leak out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils in the innate immune response can destroy normal tissue during infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cell injury in allergic reactions?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by tissue being replaced by liquefied material?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coagulative necrosis typically occurs due to ischaemic injuries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological condition is associated with caseous necrosis?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat necrosis is associated with breakdown of _______ cells.

    <p>adipocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis = Necrosis of limb, often lower leg Fibrinoid necrosis = Immune-mediated complexes in vessel walls Coagulative necrosis = Structure of tissue still visible after cell death Liquefactive necrosis = Enzymatic digestion resulting in liquefied tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of fibrinoid necrosis?

    <p>Complexes of antigens and antibodies in vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat necrosis involves the leakage of fatty acids that bind to calcium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is exclusively seen in the brain due to lack of tissue architecture?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Cells adapt to changes in their environment to preserve cell viability
    • Adaptations are reversible changes in cells in response to physiological or pathological conditions
    • Adaptations can involve changes in cell number, size, and type
    • Three classes of cell proliferative capacity: labile, stable, and permanent cells
    • Labile cells are continuously dividing
    • Stable cells are infrequent dividers but can divide rapidly when needed
    • Permanent cells never divide in adult life

    Hyperplasia

    • Increase in the number of cells within a tissue
    • Only occurs in labile or stable cells
    • Physiological hyperplasia occurs due to hormonal stimulation (e.g. endometrium) or compensatory mechanisms (e.g. partial hepatectomy)
    • Pathological hyperplasia is caused by excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation or chronic irritation
    • Pathological hyperplasia can be associated with an increased risk of tumor development

    Hypertrophy

    • Increase in cell size
    • Occurs in any cell, but is common in permanent cells due to increased demands
    • Physiological hypertrophy occurs due to increased functional demand (e.g. skeletal muscle) or hormonal/growth factor stimulation (e.g. uterine muscle in pregnancy)
    • Pathological hypertrophy occurs due to increased functional demand (e.g. cardiac muscle in hypertension or aortic stenosis)

    Atrophy

    • Shrinkage in cell size by loss of cell substance through the process of autophagy
    • Causes of atrophy include reduced workload, loss of nerve supply, reduced blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and ageing

    Metaplasia

    • Transformation of one cell type to another cell type
    • Physiological metaplasia is a normal part of growth and development
    • Pathological metaplasia is an adaptive response to an abnormal environment (e.g. squamous to glandular epithelium in reflux oesophagitis)

    Cellular Injury and Stress

    • Cellular Stress triggers various responses:
      • Adaptation: Reversible changes, cell adjusting to stress
      • Injury: Reversible or irreversible, depending on severity and duration
      • Cell Death: The final outcome if injury is severe or prolonged
    • Causes of Cell Injury and Death:
      • Oxygen Deprivation (Hypoxia): Impairs aerobic metabolism, leading to cell injury
        • Ischemia: Reduced blood supply causes more severe injury than simple hypoxia.
      • Nutrition Imbalances: Deficiencies or excesses can disrupt cell function.
      • Physical Agents:
        • Heat: Can coagulate and damage proteins, leading to cell death.
        • Cold: Can cause vasoconstriction, ice crystal formation, and tissue damage.
        • Electricity: Can disrupt cell membranes and electrical activity (e.g., cardiac arrhythmias).
      • Chemicals and Drugs:
        • Direct Damage: Some chemicals can directly disrupt cellular processes.
        • Metabolic Breakdown Products: Some chemicals become toxic after metabolic degradation.
        • Osmotic Disruption: Chemicals can alter the cell's water balance.
        • Interference with Biochemical Reactions: Chemicals can disrupt essential metabolic pathways
      • Infectious Agents:
        • Viruses: can take over the cell's machinery for their own replication.
        • Bacteria: can cause direct damage (endotoxins, exotoxins) and indirect damage (immune responses).
      • Immune Reactions:
        • Allergies: Hypersensitivity reactions can cause tissue damage.
        • Autoimmune Diseases: Immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.

    Types of Cell Death

    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, internally controlled, often a normal process.
      • Physiological: E.g., embryological development, tissue involution, removal of damaged lymphocytes.
      • Pathological: E.g., DNA damage, cell stress, infections.
    • Necrosis: Unprogrammed cell death, caused by external injury, characterized by inflammation and leakage of cell contents.
      • Coagulative: Cells retain their structure, common in ischaemic injuries (except the brain).
      • Liquefactive: Tissues become liquefied (often due to enzymatic digestion).
      • Caseous: Characteristic of tuberculosis, cheese-like appearance.
      • Fat: Breakdown of fat cells with fatty acid leakage, often associated with pancreatitis.
      • Gangrenous: Necrosis of a limb involving coagulative and sometimes liquefactive necrosis.
      • Fibrinoid: Occurs in vessel walls due to immune complexes, often seen in vasculitis.

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    Related Documents

    Cellular Adaptations and Cell Death 2022 Part 1 PDF
    Cellular Adaptations and Cell Death 2022 Part 2 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular adaptations, including hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Understand the differences in cell types and their proliferative capacities. This quiz will challenge your grasp of how cells adapt to physiological and pathological conditions.

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