Pathology Quiz on Cell Injury and Necrosis

The replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type, often in response to chronic irritation or injury. It is a reversible adaptive change.

A form of cell injury that results in the complete digestion of cells by their own lysosomal enzymes. It is characterized by the formation of a liquid, viscous mass.

Calcification that occurs in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia. It can be caused by conditions like hyperparathyroidism or vitamin D toxicity.

A type of cell death that is characterized by the breakdown of the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the extracellular space. It is an active process that involves the activation of specific enzymes.

The irreversible loss of cell function and structure. Characterized by changes like nuclear fragmentation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and loss of membrane integrity.

The natural process by which the body eliminates unwanted or damaged cells through programmed self-destruction. It is a controlled and orderly process.

Calcification that occurs in dead or dying tissues. It is often seen in areas of necrosis, such as in tuberculosis or tumors.

An adaptive response in which cells increase in size in response to increased workload or stress. It is a reversible change.

Irreversible cell injury resulting in cell death with the formation of an insoluble, pink, amorphous protein mass.

A type of cell death characterized by the breakdown of cellular components into a cheesy-like material, commonly associated with tuberculosis.

Cell death caused by the accumulation of triglycerides within the cytoplasm, often occurring in the liver.

A process of cellular degradation where cells engulf and digest their own components.

The irreversible condensation of nuclear chromatin into a solid, shrunken mass.

A reversible adaptation where cells reduce in size and metabolic activity.

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an increase in the size of the organ.

An increase of calcium in the cytosol of a cell, which can lead to cellular damage.

The presence of abnormally differentiated cells in a tissue. It is often associated with precancerous changes.

A type of necrosis that is characterized by the accumulation of fatty acids in the tissue. It is often seen in the pancreas and adipose tissue.

A type of necrosis that occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to a tissue. It is often seen in the extremities, especially in individuals with diabetes.

A condition characterized by the death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often occurring in the lower extremities and commonly associated with diabetes mellitus.

The color change in gangrene is attributed to the breakdown of hemoglobin, resulting in the characteristic discoloration.

The process of a cell's nucleus shrinking and condensing its chromatin, often associated with cell death.

A type of cell injury caused by the entrance of calcium into the cytoplasm, which can activate harmful enzymes and lead to further cell damage.

A feature of irreversible cell injury marked by the breakdown of the cell's nucleus into fragments.

A common sign of inflammation characterized by redness of the affected area, caused by increased blood flow to the tissue.

The process by which leukocytes, white blood cells, move to the periphery of blood vessels and then migrate through the vascular wall to the site of injury.

The release of free radicals during the reperfusion of tissue after a period of ischemia, which can damage cells further.

A type of necrosis characterized by the accumulation of soft, cheesy material, often seen in tuberculosis.

A type of necrosis that occurs in tissues with high water content, leading to the formation of a viscous, liquid mass.

The process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria and cellular debris.

A type of white blood cell that plays a major role in the immune response by recognizing and destroying foreign invaders.

A type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing antibodies.

A type of white blood cell that is primarily involved in acute inflammation.

The accumulation of pus, a thick yellowish fluid consisting of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and cellular debris.

The process by which the body repairs damaged tissue, involving the formation of new blood vessels and connective tissue.

A type of inflammatory response characterized by a persistent irritant and the formation of a granuloma.

A small, localized collection of immune cells, primarily macrophages, that forms in response to a persistent irritant.

A type of inflammatory response characterized by the rapid arrival of neutrophils and a localized influx of fluid.

A chemical messenger that plays a role in acute inflammation. It causes increased vascular permeability and pain.

A type of cell that is involved in inflammation and phagocytosis. They can fuse together to form multinucleated giant cells.

A type of chemical messenger that is derived from arachidonic acid and plays a role in inflammation.

A type of enzyme that is involved in the production of prostaglandins.

A type of fluid that accumulates in tissues as a result of fluid buildup in the circulatory system.

The accumulation of fluid and cells in the interstitial spaces, often associated with inflammation.

A type of immune response characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells that wall off infectious agents or foreign substances.

The presence of granulomas (collections immune cells forming a wall) in an infection, indicating a specific immune response.

A specialized type of macrophage, a key component in granulomas that helps contain and fight off infections by engulfing and destroying foreign substances.

A type of cell involved in the body's defense against parasites and allergic reactions, often present in granulomas.

A protein that helps direct immune cells to specific areas where infection or inflammation is occurring, acting as a signal.

A highly reactive form of oxygen that plays a vital role in the killing of bacteria and other pathogens during phagocytosis by immune cells.

A chemical mediator that activates the body's defense against infections and inflammation, leading to the production of other inflammatory mediators.

The process by which cells attach to and engulf foreign material, often using antibodies to recognize the targets.

A type of cell that plays a role in the inflammation process, including releasing histamine, which causes the characteristic symptoms of allergy.

A type of cell that is involved in the later stages of inflammation and wound healing, helping to rebuild damaged tissues.

Describing the cells responsible for building new tissue, primarily fibroblasts which produce collagen, essential for wound healing.

A type of immune response that is characterized by the presence of giant cells and a specific type of white blood cell called the eosinophil.

A type of immune response that is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, and epitheloid cells, often forming granulomas.

Swelling of tissue due to fluid accumulation.

Increased capillary permeability allows for leakage of protein-rich fluid into the tissues.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell often found in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Opsonins coat bacteria, making them more easily recognized and engulfed by phagocytes.

Fibroblasts and endothelial cells are key players in tissue repair and remodeling.

Venules are more permeable than other parts of the microcirculation, allowing for the leakage of fluid into the surrounding tissue.

Chronic inflammation is characterized by a longer duration and the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages.

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a key role in the immune system.

Exudate is fluid rich in protein and cells that leaks out of blood vessels during inflammation.

Increased vascular permeability is the key factor that allows for the formation of exudate.

Increased vascular permeability is caused by damage to endothelial cells, widening the gaps between them.

Turner Syndrome is characterized by a missing or incomplete X chromosome, resulting in short stature and infertility.

Down Syndrome is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Mitochondrial genes are inherited from the mother.

X-linked disorders are inherited from the mother.

A type of healing where new tissue is formed by proliferation of connective tissue elements, resulting in scar formation.

The process of tissues replacing lost cells with the same type of cells, restoring normal structure and function.

A type of healing that involves both regeneration and connective tissue repair. It occurs when the damaged tissue contains both stable and labile cells.

A condition where tissues fail to regenerate due to chronic irritation or inflammation. It often leads to scar formation.

A delay in healing that can result from various factors, such as nutritional deficiencies, radiation exposure, or prolonged immobilization.

A type of shock characterized by a decreased blood volume due to fluid loss, resulting in a drop in blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion.

A type of shock characterized by widespread infection and inflammation, leading to decreased blood pressure and tissue perfusion due to vasodilation and fluid leakage.

A type of shock characterized by impaired heart function, leading to decreased blood pressure and tissue perfusion.

A type of shock caused by a disruption in the nervous system's regulation of blood pressure, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow.

A detached thrombus that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a distant blood vessel, potentially causing blockage and tissue damage.

A condition characterized by widespread clotting within the blood vessels, leading to consumption of clotting factors and potential bleeding.

A type of embolus that consists of fat globules released from a damaged bone, potentially traveling to the lungs and causing respiratory distress.

A type of embolus that travels through a heart defect, bypassing the normal circulatory route. Often a pulmonary embolus.

A severe wasting syndrome characterized by loss of muscle mass, fat, and appetite, often associated with chronic illnesses like cancer.

Anemia is a condition where the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues.

Wasting refers to the loss of body weight and muscle mass, often due to a lack of nutrients or chronic illness.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the immune response and can contribute to cachexia.

Acute effects of ionizing radiation exposure include symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and skin changes.

The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by a painless chancre, a small ulcer at the site of infection.

Dark-field microscopy helps to visualize the spirochetes, the bacteria that cause syphilis, in a sample from the chancre.

Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not receiving enough blood flow. Pathological effects include damage to organs and tissues.

Hutchinson's Teeth, or peg-shaped teeth, are a characteristic feature of congenital syphilis, a condition affecting babies born to mothers with syphilis.

In Amoebiasis, the perianal skin can be affected by the parasite, resulting in itching and discomfort.

In Lepromatous Leprosy, the Lepromin test is negative, indicating a lack of cell-mediated immunity and a more severe form of the disease.

A condition where bacteria persist in the body, often in the gallbladder, after a Typhoid fever infection.

Non-cancerous growths often enclosed by a fibrous capsule, demonstrating slow and controlled growth.

The ability of certain cell types to regenerate and repair after injury, such as liver cells and renal tubular cells.

A serious complication of Typhoid Fever, characterized by bleeding in the intestines.

A condition where the body's immune system overreacts to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the formation of small, cheesy-like masses, known as granulomas.

Accumulation of fluid in the tissues due to increased venous pressure and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, often seen in heart failure.

The process by which a procarcinogen is converted into a cancer-causing agent by enzymes, particularly Cytochrome P450.

A condition where immune complexes deposit in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage of the kidney's filtering units.

A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal layer of the epidermis, often caused by exposure to UV radiation.

A severe condition characterized by a decrease in all blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, often seen after exposure to ionizing radiation.

A type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues, particularly the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal white blood cells.

A condition characterized by granulomas in various organs, often affecting the lungs and lymph nodes, with a cause that is still unclear.

A disease characterized by the presence of parasites in the blood, typically spread by mosquitoes, leading to anemia and other symptoms, and resistance to the disease with Sickle Cell Trait is due to red blood cell sickle.

The hallmark of Syphilis, characterized by inflammation of the blood vessel lining, often affecting the arteries.

Fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by increased pressure in blood vessels pushing fluid out into the surrounding tissue. Think of it like a leaky hose, where the pressure inside the hose forces water out.

The release of tissue thromboplastin, a clotting factor, from damaged tissue into the blood. This triggers a cascade of coagulation events, leading to excessive clotting.

Stem cells are the building blocks of tissues, capable of self-renewal and creating daughter cells that can become specialized cells. They are not the predominant population in a tissue.

Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, are well-defined, and do not invade surrounding tissues. Though they can secrete hormones, they do not spread to distant locations.

Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer with the best prognosis due to its slow growth rate and limited ability to spread.

A blister's contents are characterized by clear, watery fluid, which is similar to the fluid found in the body's cavities. It is a type of exudate that is mostly fluid with few inflammatory cells.

Reduced plasma osmotic pressure, a condition where the blood has lower protein levels, leads to a decrease in the blood's ability to hold water within the vessels, causing fluid to leak into tissues. This is a common occurrence in nephrotic syndrome, where kidney disease causes protein loss in urine.

Sarcoidosis is a disease that features non-caseating granulomas, distinct clusters of immune cells that do not contain the cheese-like substance found in tuberculosis.

Chronic hepatic congestion, a prolonged backlog of blood flow in the liver, causes a characteristic appearance known as nutmeg liver. It is characterized by dark red, congested areas interspersed with lighter areas. Think of the liver as a sponge that's filled with blood.

Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where excessive glucose in the blood can cause damage to blood vessels, predisposing individuals to inflammation of the kidneys, also known as pyelonephritis.

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis often involves subepithelial deposits, which are immune complexes that deposit beneath the lining of the glomeruli, which filters waste from the blood.

Crescent formation in glomerulonephritis indicates the formation of a crescent-shaped structure composed of inflammatory cells and fibrin, often leading to a worsening of the condition.

Dense deposits disease is a form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II, a type of kidney inflammation characterized by the presence of dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane.

Systemic Lupus Nephritis (SLE) and Acute Post-streptococcal nephritis are both characterized by low serum complement levels, often associated with an immune system attack against kidney cells.

Papillary necrosis, a condition where the kidney's inner structures become damaged, is associated with sickle cell anemia, diabetes mellitus, and analgesic abuse. It is not associated with Wegener's granulomatosis.

Renal cell carcinoma, a type of kidney cancer, originates from the lining of the kidney tubules, not the glomeruli. The tumor cells are known to produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, which can lead to polycythemia (increased red blood cell count).

Jaundice characterized by pale stools, absence of bilirubin in urine, and high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.

When a cercaria penetrates the skin of a human, it transforms into a schistomulum.

B2-Microglobulin is the type of amyloid protein that is associated with long-term hemodialysis.

Food components, dietary fat, occupational exposures, and consumption of moldy food can all contribute to the development of cancer.

Malignant neoplasms are characterized by their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites.

A metastatic neoplasm in the liver most likely originated from a primary tumor in the cecum, colon, or pancreas, which are common sites for spread to the liver.

Cytochrome-P450-dependent monooxygenases play a crucial role in activating chemical carcinogens, making them more likely to cause cancer.

Several factors influence the ability of a chemical carcinogen to cause cancer, including the animal's capacity to repair DNA damage, detoxify the carcinogen, and activate it, as well as the presence of tumor promoters.

Factors that influence the spread of cancer to specific sites include the compatibility of the tumor's cell surface characteristics with those of the tissues at the target site.