Cell Injury: Types of Necrosis
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a complication of leukostasis?

  • Papilledema
  • Stroke (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Seizures

    • What is used to determine chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia?

  • Cytogenetic studies (correct)
  • Imaging studies
  • CBC
  • Peripheral smear

    • What is the hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

  • Papilledema
  • Hyperuricemia
  • Philadelphia chromosome (correct)
  • Leukostasis

    • What is the mainstay of treatment for leukemia?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be prevented by prophylactic treatment with Allopurinol?

    <p>Uric acid crystallization in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be attempted if chemotherapy is unsuccessful?

    <p>Bone marrow transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to remove excess blast cells in leukostasis?

    <p>Apheresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukemia is chemotherapy more effective for?

    <p>Acute types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decreased number of neutrophils?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an almost complete absence of granulocytes?

    <p>Agranulocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bone marrow failure that affects all myeloid stem cells?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cancer of the leukocyte?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing leukemia?

    <p>Exposure to radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the production and function of other blood cells in leukemia?

    <p>They are affected due to overcrowding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is most commonly associated with an interruption in blood flow?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gangrene is the least harmful and occurs due to decreased blood supply?

    <p>Dry gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of wet gangrene?

    <p>Bacterial invasion and impaired blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gangrene is the most serious and has the greatest potential to be fatal?

    <p>Gas gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of cell death in coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of gangrene?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many approaches are there to determine the types of cells injured and the degree of damage?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gas gangrene?

    <p>Clostridium, an anaerobic bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin S when it is deoxygenated?

    <p>It polymerizes and makes the RBC rigid and distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sickle-shaped cells on oxygen delivery?

    <p>They deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sickle cells after repeated episodes of deoxygenation?

    <p>They remain permanently sickled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the HbS gene transmitted?

    <p>Through inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Crescent or sickle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the abnormal type of hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Hemoglobin S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can block small blood vessels in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Sickle-shaped RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical finding of hemoglobin in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating the cause of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>To stop bleeding or reduce blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vitamin C on iron absorption?

    <p>Vitamin C increases iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of red blood cells in hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Normocytic and normochromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hemolytic anemia on the bone marrow?

    <p>The bone marrow becomes hyperactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transferrin saturation?

    <p>To measure the amount of iron bound to transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excessive destruction of red blood cells in hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Retention of iron in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the life span of red blood cells in hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Shortened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Injury

    • Fat necrosis gives an opaque, chalky appearance to soaps.
    • Types of necrosis:
      • Coagulative necrosis: results from interruption in blood flow (ischemia), often occurs in kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands.
      • Gangrenous necrosis: combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion, often occurs in legs due to arteriosclerosis or in the gastrointestinal tract.

    Gangrene

    • Types of gangrene:
      • Dry gangrene: occurs when bacterial presence is minimal, skin appears dry, dark brown, or black, and is less harmful.
      • Wet gangrene: occurs with liquefaction necrosis, extensive damage from bacteria and white blood cells, and can lead to sepsis and death if not treated properly.
      • Gas gangrene: develops due to presence of Clostridium, an anaerobic bacterium, and is the most serious and potentially fatal.

    Determination and Monitoring of Cell Injury

    • Approaches to determine types of cells injured and degree of damage:
      • Assessment of functional loss
      • Release of cell constituents from injured cells
      • Assessment of electrical activity
      • Neutropenia (decreased number of neutrophils), Agranulocytosis (almost/virtual absence of granulocytes), and Aplastic anemia (due to bone marrow failure)

    Leukemia

    • Definition: cancer of leukocytes, characterized by increase in number of immature and poorly differentiated white blood cells.
    • Etiology: unknown, but risk factors include exposure to radiation, chemicals, chemotherapy, viral infections, immunodeficiency diseases, genetic diseases, and smoking.
    • Complications: Cranial nerve palsies, headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema, seizures, coma, and leukostasis (e.g., stroke, pulmonary embolism).

    Diagnosis of Leukemia

    • CBC (complete blood count)
    • Peripheral smear: presence of leukemic cells in peripheral blood
    • Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: confirms diagnosis and indicates type and degree of bone marrow involvement
    • Cytogenetic studies: detects chromosomal abnormalities and is a powerful prognostic indicator in acute leukemia
    • Imaging studies: identifies additional sites (e.g., CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, x-ray, bone scan)

    Treatment of Leukemia

    • Chemotherapy: mainstay of treatment, several courses may be necessary to eradicate cancer
    • Bone marrow transplants: attempted if chemotherapy is unsuccessful
    • Other treatments: targeted therapy, radiation, biological therapy, surgery
    • Leukostasis: treated by apheresis to remove excess blast cells, followed by chemotherapy

    Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

    • Diagnosis:
      • Hb: low
      • MCV: low
      • MCHC: low
      • WBC, platelets: usually normal or high
      • Serum iron: low
      • Serum ferritin: low
      • TIBC: high
      • Transferrin saturation: low
    • Treatment:
      • Treatment of the cause (e.g., bleeding peptic ulcer, heavy menses)
      • Iron replacement: increasing consumption of iron-rich foods, iron supplements, and blood transfusion (in severe cases)

    Hemolytic Anemia

    • Definition: excessive destruction of erythrocytes, characterized by premature destruction of RBCs, retention of iron and other products of Hb destruction, and compensatory increase in erythropoiesis
    • Characteristics:
      • RBCs are normocytic and normochromic
      • RBCs have shortened life span
      • Bone marrow becomes hyperactive
      • Increased number of reticulocytes (young RBCs) in circulating blood

    Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

    • Hereditary: thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
    • Acquired: autoimmune causes, blood transfusion reactions

    Sickle Cell Anemia

    • Definition: hereditary type of hemolytic anemia in which erythrocytes have abnormal crescent or sickle shape
    • Causes: abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) instead of HbA
    • Hemoglobin S:
      • Polymerizes when deoxygenated, making RBCs rigid, distorted, and easily breakable
      • Delivers less oxygen to body's tissues and can block small blood vessels
      • Can return to normal shape with oxygenation in the lungs
      • After repeated episodes of deoxygenation, cells remain permanently sickled

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the different types of necrosis, including coagulative necrosis and gangrenous necrosis, and their causes.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser