Pathology of the Nervous System: Hydrocephalus and CSF

What is the main function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

To facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses
To regulate the body temperature
To protect the brain from injury (correct)
To nourish the brain cells

What is the name of the structure that produces CSF?

Brainstem
Choroid plexus (correct)
Cerebral cortex
Arachnoid villi

What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain?

Hydrocephalus (correct)
Cerebral edema
Encephalitis
Meningitis

Which type of hydrocephalus is caused by obstruction within the ventricular system?

Non-communicating hydrocephalus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the congenital malformation that involves the cerebellum and fourth ventricle?

Dandy-Walker syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hydrocephalus?

Hypertension (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for diagnosing meningitis?

CSF analysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myelin in the nervous system?

To protect axons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of severe damage to axons in Multiple Sclerosis?

Destruction of the nerve/axon itself (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is characterized by a turbid CSF with a high WBC count and very low glucose levels?

Bacterial meningitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reducing ICP in the management of meningitis?

To reduce intracranial pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the hardening of fibrous tissue due to the destruction of myelin in Multiple Sclerosis?

Sclerosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of micro-aneurysms in blood vessels?

Bleeding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of embolic stroke?

Detachment of a thrombus from the site of a plaque or from other sources of embolus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of amyloid angiopathy on blood vessels?

Weaken the blood vessel and increase the risk of bleeding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fibromuscular dysplasia in an artery wall?

Abnormal growth within the wall of an artery, making it fragile and prone to rupture (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of meningitis?

Encapsulated microorganisms that resist phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical feature of thrombotic strokes compared to embolic strokes?

They are larger in size (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for stroke mentioned in the passage?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of aseptic meningitis?

It is caused by viruses and resolves without specific treatment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of photophobia in meningitis?

Pain and discomfort due to optic nerve compression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common symptom of meningitis in neonates?

Poor feed (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bacterial meningitis on the brain?

It can cause brain damage and death (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of meningitis on the blood vessels?

Vasodilatation leading to increased blood vessel permeability (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor expressed by the abnormal clone of T cytotoxic cells in MS?

Allowing the cells to cross the blood-brain barrier (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of the abnormal clone of T-cells in MS?

Production of cytokines and cellular mediators (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-regulator cells in MS?

Suppressing the immune system and improving re-myelination (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the long-term consequence of the pathogenesis of MS?

Failure of re-myelination and permanent demyelination (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the plaques formed in MS on neurotransmission?

Inhibiting neurotransmission (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the symptoms of MS in terms of the location of the plaques?

The symptoms are dependent on the location of the plaques (A) Signup and view all the answers