Neurology: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Cranial Nerves
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Questions and Answers

What does NPH stand for?

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

Drain CSF from the brain to the venous system

What does a blockage of ventricles result in?

An increase in pressure

Which of the following are part of the common triad of NPH? (Select all that apply)

<p>Memory loss (A), Urinary incontinence (B), Difficulty walking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the treatment for NPH that involves removing CSF?

<p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dermatome?

<p>A region of the body surface innervated by each spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

More complex spinal reflexes integrate across multiple spinal cord segments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the mesencephalon?

<p>Tectum and tegmentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two structures are located in the tectum?

<p>Superior colliculi (B), Inferior colliculi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the periaqueductal gray matter important for?

<p>Pain responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the cingulate cortex?

<p>Decision making (warning signals) and executive functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is ipsilateral because it double crosses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two main functions of the cerebellum?

<p>Balance and posture, smooth movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does damage to the cerebellum cause?

<p>It doesn't destroy movement, it just reduces its sophistication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of the lateral cerebellum?

<p>Higher level functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vermis and intermediate zone (IZ) of the cerebellum?

<p>They integrate sensory and motor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pons?

<p>Relays information from the cortex to the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main vital functions regulated by the medulla?

<p>Breathing and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticular formation and where is it located?

<p>A network of neurons located in the brainstem that maintains alertness and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are part of the to-brain system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Arterioles (A), Capillaries (B), Arteries (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are part of the return system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Capillaries (B), Veins (C), Heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas does the MCA supply? (Select all that apply)

<p>Parietal lobe (A), Frontal lobe (B), Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific function of the calcarine branch?

<p>Feeds the occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are components of the vertebral system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) (A), Calcarine branch (D), Basilar artery (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the PCA supply blood to?

<p>The temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two major arteries arise from the ICA?

<p>MCA and ACA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

<p>Sensory: smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic nerve?

<p>Sensory: vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

<p>Motor: muscles that move eyelids (open/close) and pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

<p>Motor: muscles that move eyes down and to your nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?

<p>Sensory: face, sinuses, teeth; Motor: jaw muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

NPH

Normal pressure hydrocephalus- too much CSF in brain (common triad)

Arachnoid granulations

Drain CSF from brain to venous system

Blockage of ventricles

Results in an increase in pressure

Common triad of NPH

Difficulty walking, loss of memory, urinary issues

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NPH treatment

Lumbar puncture removing CSF -- immediate improvement

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Dermatomes

Region of body surface innervated by each nerve

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More complex spinal reflexes

Integrates across multiple spinal cord segments

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Mesencephalon

Has tectum (visual/auditory) and tegmentum (motor control)

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Periaqueductal gray matter

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct, important for pain responses

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Cingulate cortex

Involved in decision making and executive functioning

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Ipsilateral cerebellum

It double crosses, so affects the same side of the body

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Cerebellum function

Maintains balance and posture, ensures smooth movement

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Damage to cerebellum

Does not destroy movement but reduces sophistication

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Lateral cerebellum

Responsible for higher-level functions

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Medial cerebellum

Handles rudimentary functions

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Vermis and IZ

Part of cerebellum that integrates sensory and motor info

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Pons

Relays information from cortex to cerebellum

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Medulla

Regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate

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Reticular formation

In brainstem; maintains alertness and arousal

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To brain system

Includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries

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Return system

Includes capillaries, veins, heart

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MCA

Supplies lateral brain areas, larger and more direct

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ACA

Supplies medial brain areas, smaller frontal lobe artery

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Calcarine branch

Feeds the occipital lobe

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PCA

Feeds the temporal lobe

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ICA

Internal carotid artery supplying MCA, ACA

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Olfactory nerve

Sensory nerve responsible for smell

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Optic nerve

Sensory nerve responsible for vision

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Oculomotor nerve

Motor nerve that moves eyelids and pupils

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Trochlear nerve

Motor nerve that moves eyes down and towards the nose

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Trigeminal nerve

Handles facial sensations and jaw muscle movement

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Abducens nerve

Motor nerve responsible for lateral eye movement

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Facial nerve

Sensory and motor functions for face and tongue

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Acoustic/vestibulocochlear nerve

Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

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Glossopharyngeal nerve

Sensory and motor nerve for taste and swallowing

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Vagus nerve

Handles sensory and motor functions for internal organs

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Accessory nerve

Motor nerve controlling neck muscles

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Hypoglossal nerve

Motor nerve responsible for tongue movements

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Study Notes

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)

  • NPH is characterized by excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.
  • A common triad of symptoms includes difficulty walking, memory loss, and urinary problems.
  • Treatment involves lumbar puncture to remove CSF. Immediate improvement in symptoms is often observed.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Drainage

  • Arachnoid granulations drain CSF from the brain to the venous system.

Ventricle Blockage

  • Blockage of the ventricles leads to an increase in intracranial pressure.

Cranial Nerves

  • Cranial nerves are numbered 1 to 12 and have various functions.

  • Olfactory: Sensory - smell

  • Optic: Sensory - vision

  • Oculomotor: Motor - eyelid and pupil movement

  • Trochlear: Motor - eye movement downwards and inwards

  • Trigeminal: Sensory - face, sinuses, teeth; Motor - jaw muscles

  • Abducens: Motor - lateral eye movement

  • Facial: Sensory - tongue and soft palate; Motor - facial muscles, salivary and tear glands

  • Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear: Sensory - hearing and balance

  • Glossopharyngeal: Sensory - taste and mouth; Motor - throat muscles

  • Vagus: Sensory - internal organs; Motor - internal organs

  • Accessory: Motor - neck muscles

  • Hypoglossal: Motor - tongue muscles

Brainstem Structures

  • Mesencephalon (Midbrain):

    • Tectum: Posterior aspect.
      • Superior colliculi: relay visual information.
      • Inferior colliculi: relay auditory information.
    • Tegmentum: Anterior aspect.
      • Nuclei involved in motor control (e.g., substantia nigra, red nucleus).

  • Periaqueductal gray matter: Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and plays a role in pain responses.

  • Cingulate cortex: Involved in decision-making, warning signals, and executive functioning.

  • Pons: Relays information from the cortex to the cerebellum.

  • Medulla: Regulates vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.

  • Reticular formation: Involved in maintaining alertness and arousal.

Cerebellum

  • The cerebellum is crucial for balance, posture, and smooth movement.
  • Cerebellar damage doesn't eliminate movement but affects its precision and coordination.
    • The cerebellum receives sensory and motor information by way of the vermis and IZ.
    • Lateral cerebellum participates in higher-level functions; medial cerebellum is for fundamental functions.

Blood Supply to the Brain

  • The brain's blood supply: arteries, arterioles, capillaries

  • Return system: capillaries, veins, heart

  • Internal Carotid Artery (ICA): Supplies the medial frontal lobe(legs)-ACA and the lateral brain(arms)-MCA.

    • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA): Larger, provides blood flow to the frontal lobe (upper branch) and parietal/temporal lobes and middle optic radiation (lower branch).
    • Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA): Smaller, supplies the medial frontal lobe and anterior and upper portion of the parietal lobe.

  • Vertebral System:

    • Basilar artery, Posterior Cerebral Arteries (PCA) for the Temporal and Occipital Lobes.
      • Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): Supplies the temporal and occipital lobes.
      • Calcarine branch: Fills the occipital lobe.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in neurology, focusing on Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, and cranial nerves. Test your understanding of the symptoms and treatment of NPH, as well as the functions of the 12 cranial nerves. Ideal for students studying neuroscience or related fields.

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