Pathology of the Nervous System: Hydrocephalus and CSF

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary target of the immune system's attack in Multiple Sclerosis?

  • White matter in the brain and optic nerves
  • Oligodendrocytes and axons
  • Neurotransmitters and neuronal cells
  • Fatty tissue called myelin and spinal cord (correct)

What is the result of severe damage in Multiple Sclerosis?

  • Only cognitive problems
  • Destruction of both myelin and axon/nerve (correct)
  • Inflammation of the white matter only
  • Only demyelination of the nerve

What is the term used to describe the process of myelin destruction in Multiple Sclerosis?

  • Scar formation
  • Inflammation
  • Neurotransmission
  • Demyelination (correct)

Which part of the nervous system is affected in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Central nervous system, spinal cord, and optic nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of plaques on neurotransmission in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>They block neurotransmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the disease Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>It is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of viral meningitis?

<p>A week or two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Creation of plaques in the white matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of bacterial meningitis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for diagnosing meningitis?

<p>CSF analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for photophobia in meningitis patients?

<p>Vasodilatation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical WBC count in CSF analysis for bacterial meningitis?

<p>High (neutrophils) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of chronic meningitis?

<p>Chronic infection such as TB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for headache in meningitis patients?

<p>Increased intracranial pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a reduction in blood flow to brain tissue?

<p>Hypoxia and infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by obstruction within the ventricular system?

<p>Non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the rare congenital malformation that involves the cerebellum and fourth ventricle?

<p>Dandy-Walker syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal function of the foramen magnum in the skull?

<p>It allows the spinal cord to pass through it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hydrocephalus?

<p>Hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?

<p>Hydrocephalus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structural defects in the base of the skull and cerebellum?

<p>Chiari malformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which abnormal T-cells enter the brain in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Via a receptor that allows their passage through the Blood-Brain Barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the activation of abnormal T-cells in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Secretion of cytokines and cellular mediators that attract B-cells and macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-regulator cells in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>To suppress the immune system and promote remyelination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the long-term consequence of the failure of remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Permanent demyelination and scar formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of neurological symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Formation of plaques in the white matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Charcot's Neurological Triad in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>It is a triad of symptoms involving speech, movement, and eye movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the specific symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>The location of the plaques in the white matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of plaques along motor pathways in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Muscle weakness, spasms, tremor, ataxia and paralysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between vitamin D levels and the incidence of Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Lower vitamin D levels are associated with a higher incidence of MS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HLA-DR2 in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>It is an overexpressed receptor that contributes to MS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of plaques on sensory pathways in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Numbness, paresthesia, and tingling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between EBV infections and the development of Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>EBV infections increase the risk of developing MS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of plaques on autonomic nervous systems in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Bladder and bowel symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin D receptors in immune function?

<p>They promote immune function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between sunshine hours and the incidence of Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Less sunshine hours increase the incidence of MS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of plaques on higher order activities in Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Poor concentration and critical thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that contributes to the development of Multiple Sclerosis?

<p>Genetic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune disease attacking myelin and spinal cord.

Severe MS Damage

Destruction of myelin and nerve fibers.

Demyelination

Destruction of the myelin sheath.

MS Affected Areas

Central nervous system, spinal cord, and optic nerves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plaque Effect in MS

Block neurotransmission (communication).

Signup and view all the flashcards

MS Characteristics

Chronic, progressive autoimmune disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Viral Meningitis Duration

A week or two.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammation effect in MS

Creation of plaques in the white matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meningitis Diagnosis

CSF analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photophobia Cause in Meningitis

Vasodilatation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacterial Meningitis WBC Count

High (neutrophils).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cause of Chronic Meningitis

Chronic infection such as TB.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Headache Cause in Meningitis

Increased intracranial pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reduced Brain Blood Flow Consequence

Hypoxia and infarction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrocephalus Type: Obstruction

Non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cerebellum/Ventricle Malformation

Dandy-Walker syndrome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Foramen Magnum Function

It allows the spinal cord to pass through it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrocephalus

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Skull Base Defect

Chiari malformation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abnormal T-cell Entry in MS

Via a receptor that allows their passage through the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Activated T-cell Consequence in MS

Secretion of cytokines and cellular mediators that attract B-cells and macrophages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T-regulator Cell Role in MS

To suppress the immune system and promote remyelination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Failed Remyelination Consequence

Permanent demyelination and scar formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MS Neurological Symptoms Cause

Formation of plaques in the white matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Charcot's Neurological Triad

It is a triad of symptoms involving speech, movement, and eye movements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MS Symptom Determination

The location of the plaques in the white matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Pathway Plaque Effects

Muscle weakness, spasms, tremor, ataxia and paralysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vitamin D & MS Correlation

Lower vitamin D levels are associated with a higher incidence of MS.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HLA-DR2 Role in MS

It is an overexpressed receptor that contributes to MS.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Pathway Plaque Effects

Numbness, paresthesia, and tingling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Multiple Sclerosis

  • Chronic and progressive autoimmune disease
  • Body attacks and destroys myelin, a fatty tissue that insulates axons and oligodendrocytes
  • Also known as demyelination disease
  • Can damage the nerve/axon itself if severe
  • Affects the central nervous system, spinal cord, and optic nerves, leading to sensory, motor, cognitive, and visual problems
  • Inflames the white matter in the brain, creating plaques that block neurotransmission and inhibit communication between neuronal cells

Meningitis

  • Caused by viral or bacterial infection
  • Viral meningitis: less severe, resolves without specific treatment within a week or two, also known as aseptic meningitis
  • Bacterial meningitis: quite severe, may result in brain damage, hearing loss, learning disability, and even death
  • Clinical presentation:
    • Fever
    • Neck stiffness
    • Poor feeding in neonates
    • Lethargy
    • Nuchal rigidity
    • Headache due to cerebral edema, increasing intracranial pressure
    • Photophobia due to vasodilation, increasing blood vessel permeability and intracranial pressure, causing optic nerve compression

Laboratory Investigations

  • History and physical examinations
  • Complete blood counts to measure WBC for infections
  • Blood culture
  • CSF analysis (gold standard)
  • CSF findings:
    • Bacterial: turbid, high WBC (neutrophils), very high protein, very low glucose
    • Viral: clear, high WBC (lymphocytes), moderately increased protein, moderately decreased glucose
    • TB: turbid, high WBC (lymphocytes), very high protein, very low glucose

Hydrocephalus

  • Accumulation of CSF in the brain
  • Caused by obstruction within the ventricular system (non-communicating or obstructive) or malfunction of arachnoid villi (communicating or non-obstructive)
  • Types:
    • Non-communicating (obstructive)
    • Communicating (non-obstructive)
  • Causes:
    • Lesions or malformations of the posterior fossa
    • Chiari malformations
    • Dandy-Walker syndrome
    • Tumors
    • Meningitis
    • Hemorrhage

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser