Pathology of Acidosis and Fistulae
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary abnormality in non-respiratory acidosis?

  • Increased bicarbonate concentration
  • Decreased bicarbonate concentration
  • Increased PCO2
  • Either increased production or decreased excretion of hydrogen ions (correct)
  • Which of the following is a cause of non-respiratory acidosis due to increased H+ formation?

  • Carbonate dehydratase inhibitors
  • Diarrhea
  • Ketoacidosis (correct)
  • Renal tubular acidosis
  • What is the term used to describe the clinical state of having a high hydrogen ion concentration in the blood?

  • Acidosis
  • Acidemia (correct)
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Alkalosis
  • Which of the following is NOT a cause of non-respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bicarbonate concentration in non-respiratory acidosis?

    <p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of non-respiratory acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate?

    <p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of non-respiratory acidosis due to decreased H+ excretion?

    <p>Renal tubular acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the clinical state of having a low hydrogen ion concentration in the blood?

    <p>Alkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disorder in non-respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Decreased bicarbonate concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of non-respiratory acidosis due to increased H+ formation?

    <p>Renal tubular acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Non-Respiratory Acidosis

    • Characterized by high [H+], low pH, low PCO2, and low [HCO3]
    • Compensation occurs through hyperventilation, which increases removal of carbon dioxide and lowers PCO2
    • Hyperventilation is a direct result of increased [H+] stimulating the respiratory center
    • Respiratory compensation cannot completely normalize [H+] since it is the high concentration itself that stimulates compensatory hyperventilation

    Clinical Effects of Acidosis

    • Compensatory response is hyperventilation, leading to Kussmaul breathing
    • Increased [H+] leads to increased neuromuscular irritability, risking arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, especially with hyperkalaemia
    • Depression of consciousness can progress to coma and death

    Metabolic Alkalosis (Non-Respiratory Alkalosis)

    • Characterized by primary increase in ECF bicarbonate concentration and reduction in [H+]
    • Normally, an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration leads to incomplete renal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption and excretion of bicarbonate in the urine
    • However, in non-respiratory alkalosis, high renal bicarbonate reabsorption occurs due to factors such as:
      • Decrease in ECF volume
      • Mineralocorticoid excess
      • Potassium depletion
    • Massive quantities of bicarbonate must be ingested to produce a sustained alkalosis

    Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

    • Loss of hydrogen ion in gastric fluid during vomiting
    • Ingestion of absorbable alkali as sodium bicarbonate
    • Severe potassium depletion
    • Consequences of diuretic therapy, leading to 'paradoxical' acid urine

    Clinical Effects of Alkalosis

    • Hypoventilation, confusion, and eventually coma
    • Muscle cramps, tetany, and paraesthesia due to decrease in unbound plasma calcium concentration

    Correction of Non-Respiratory Alkalosis

    • Reversal of both primary cause and mechanism for its maintenance is required

    Disorders of Hydrogen Ion Homeostasis

    • Acidosis and alkalosis define primary acid-base disturbance, even when [H+] is within the normal range
    • Definitions:
      • Non-respiratory (Metabolic) acidosis: Decrease in bicarbonate concentration
      • Non-respiratory (Metabolic) alkalosis: Increase in bicarbonate concentration
      • Respiratory acidosis: Increase in PCO2
      • Respiratory alkalosis: Decrease in PCO2
    • Primary mixed acid-base disorders: Disorders of combined respiratory and non-respiratory origin
    • 'Acidemia' and 'alkalaemia' refer to whether [H+] in blood is higher or lower than normal

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of non-respiratory acidosis, including biochemical changes and compensation mechanisms, as well as pancreatic, intestinal, and biliary fistulae and drainage.

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