Pathology First Exam 2024 Material
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of incidence in a population?

  • The number of new cases arising in a population during a specified time. (correct)
  • The total number of existing cases of a disease.
  • The number of deaths caused by a disease over a certain period.
  • The number of people affected by a disease at a specific point in time.

    • Which type of adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells?

  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy (correct)
  • Metaplasia
  • Hyperplasia

    • What does morbidity statistics provide information about?

  • The functional effect of a disease on a person’s life. (correct)
  • The total population affected by a disease at a specific point.
  • The number of deaths caused by a disease.
  • The number of new cases of a disease in a population.

    • Which type of hypertrophy results from increasing functional demand or hormonal stimulation?

    <p>Adaptive hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the steady state maintained by cells?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pathologic adaptations in cells?

    <p>Responses to stress that allow cells to escape injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes reversible cell injury?

    <p>An injury that allows cells to recover and return to normal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypertrophy occurs due to disease conditions, such as hypertension?

    <p>Adaptive hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a congenital condition?

    <p>A defect that is present at birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathogenesis refer to?

    <p>The sequence of events leading to disease expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about morphology is true?

    <p>It encompasses both gross and microscopic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes clinical manifestations of a disease?

    <p>They include both signs and symptoms of the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes symptoms from signs in a clinical context?

    <p>Symptoms are experienced by the patient, while signs are noted by an observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding syndromes?

    <p>They consist of a combination of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can acquired defects be best described?

    <p>Defects that occur due to environmental exposure after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a diagnosis?

    <p>To identify the cause of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperplasia refer to in cellular biology?

    <p>Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperplasia occurs in response to hormonal stimulation?

    <p>Hormonal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of cellular atrophy?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does atrophy primarily occur at the cellular level?

    <p>Increased protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hyperplasia from cancerous growth?

    <p>Hyperplasia is a reversible process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically associated with atrophy?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the mechanism by which atrophied cells may still retain some level of function despite their size reduction?

    <p>Cellular adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the response of myocardial cells to injury or adaptation?

    <p>Blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemicals is NOT mentioned as harmful to cells?

    <p>Sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first ways lead toxicity affects the body?

    <p>Inactivation of enzymes for hemoglobin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT associated with biological injury from microorganisms?

    <p>Excessive nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular effect results from hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vitamin imbalance can lead to cell injury?

    <p>Starvation-induced deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about free radicals is NOT true?

    <p>They are always beneficial to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT majorly targeted by lead toxicity?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of diets high in animal fat?

    <p>Development of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial membrane damage?

    <p>Decreased ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of plasma membrane damage?

    <p>Loss of osmotic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism leads to necrosis following injury to lysosomal membranes?

    <p>Leakage of lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of excessive DNA damage?

    <p>Cell apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of ischemia compared to hypoxia?

    <p>Faster and more severe tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers additional tissue injury during ischemia-reperfusion?

    <p>Overproduction of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell injury is caused by toxic substances binding to cellular components?

    <p>Chemical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do free radicals play in cellular injury?

    <p>They lead to the accumulation of improperly folded proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of caspases in the process of apoptosis?

    <p>To execute the process of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which initiator caspase is activated by the extrinsic pathway?

    <p>Caspase-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the intrinsic pathway, what is released from the mitochondria that triggers the activation of pro-caspases?

    <p>Cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines neoplasia as compared to normal cellular growth processes?

    <p>It is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the formation of a death-initiating complex in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway?

    <p>Recognition of Fas-expressing cells by T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do endonucleases play in the apoptosis process?

    <p>Fragmenting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Involves death receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a tumor from a normal physiological swelling?

    <p>Tumors are abnormal masses resulting from overgrowth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathology First Exam 2024 Material

    • The material covers concepts of health and disease.
    • Topics include etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course.

    Concepts of Health and Disease

    • Health: Defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
    • Disease: An interruption or disorder in the function of a body organ or system, a physiological dysfunction. Each disease is characterized by recognizable etiologic agents, and identifiable signs, symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.

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    Pathology Material for First Exam 2024 PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Pathology First Exam with comprehensive material covering key concepts of health and disease. This quiz includes topics like etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and more, providing an essential review for your studies.

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