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Questions and Answers
What does pathophysiology primarily study?
What does pathophysiology primarily study?
Which of the following best defines health?
Which of the following best defines health?
What is meant by the term etiology in the context of disease?
What is meant by the term etiology in the context of disease?
Which factor is NOT typically considered an etiologic factor in diseases?
Which factor is NOT typically considered an etiologic factor in diseases?
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What aspect of a disease process includes recognition of signs and symptoms?
What aspect of a disease process includes recognition of signs and symptoms?
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How are risk factors related to disease?
How are risk factors related to disease?
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Which statement about the causes of diseases is accurate?
Which statement about the causes of diseases is accurate?
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What is the primary role of caspases in the apoptosis process?
What is the primary role of caspases in the apoptosis process?
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Which statement accurately describes the intrinsic apoptosis pathway?
Which statement accurately describes the intrinsic apoptosis pathway?
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What is a defining characteristic of neoplasia?
What is a defining characteristic of neoplasia?
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In apoptosis, what is the end result of activating endonucleases?
In apoptosis, what is the end result of activating endonucleases?
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Which of the following best describes the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Which of the following best describes the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
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What is metaplasia primarily characterized by?
What is metaplasia primarily characterized by?
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What triggers the process of metaplasia in cells?
What triggers the process of metaplasia in cells?
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Which type of cell change occurs in smokers' trachea and bronchi?
Which type of cell change occurs in smokers' trachea and bronchi?
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Which category of cell injury involves physical trauma?
Which category of cell injury involves physical trauma?
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What is ionizing radiation known to do to cells?
What is ionizing radiation known to do to cells?
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Which of the following is a type of nonionizing radiation?
Which of the following is a type of nonionizing radiation?
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What can result from exposure to ultraviolet radiation?
What can result from exposure to ultraviolet radiation?
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Electrical injury can lead to damage through which mechanism?
Electrical injury can lead to damage through which mechanism?
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An example of nutritional imbalance leading to cell injury may involve:
An example of nutritional imbalance leading to cell injury may involve:
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What is the primary effect of reduced activity of the sodium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) in cells?
What is the primary effect of reduced activity of the sodium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) in cells?
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What consequence arises from the failure of the calcium pump in cells?
What consequence arises from the failure of the calcium pump in cells?
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How does anaerobic glycolysis contribute to cellular damage?
How does anaerobic glycolysis contribute to cellular damage?
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What is the effect of mitochondrial permeability transition pores on cellular health?
What is the effect of mitochondrial permeability transition pores on cellular health?
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What role does increased cytosolic calcium play in cell injury?
What role does increased cytosolic calcium play in cell injury?
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What happens to protein synthesis when ribosomes detach from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What happens to protein synthesis when ribosomes detach from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is a consequence of ATP depletion in cells?
What is a consequence of ATP depletion in cells?
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How does hypoxia affect mitochondria?
How does hypoxia affect mitochondria?
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What occurs due to increased anaerobic glycolysis during cellular stress?
What occurs due to increased anaerobic glycolysis during cellular stress?
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How does the increase in cytosolic calcium impact membrane integrity?
How does the increase in cytosolic calcium impact membrane integrity?
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What is the primary consequence of carbon tetrachloride conversion to the free radical (CCl3) in the liver?
What is the primary consequence of carbon tetrachloride conversion to the free radical (CCl3) in the liver?
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Which scenario exemplifies irreversible cell injury?
Which scenario exemplifies irreversible cell injury?
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What is characterized by nuclear shrinkage due to DNA condensation?
What is characterized by nuclear shrinkage due to DNA condensation?
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological condition triggering apoptosis?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological condition triggering apoptosis?
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What is the primary mechanism of necrosis?
What is the primary mechanism of necrosis?
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Which feature is commonly associated with apoptotic cells?
Which feature is commonly associated with apoptotic cells?
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In which situation would apoptosis not likely occur?
In which situation would apoptosis not likely occur?
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What happens to cells that lack essential survival signals?
What happens to cells that lack essential survival signals?
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Which process is characterized by DNA or protein damage leading to cell death?
Which process is characterized by DNA or protein damage leading to cell death?
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What is a consequence of mitochondrial injury in cells?
What is a consequence of mitochondrial injury in cells?
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Study Notes
Pathology First Exam 2024 Material
- The exam material covers concepts of health and disease, encompassing etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course.
- Pathology is the study of disease, with pathos meaning disease and physiology relating to function.
- Health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity."
- Disease is an interruption or disorder in the function of the body, an organ, or system (physiological dysfunction).
- The disease process has six aspects: etiology (causes), pathogenesis (mechanism), morphological changes, clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms), diagnosis, and clinical course.
- Etiologic factors are the causes of disease, ranging from biological agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burn, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), genetic inheritance, to nutritional excesses or deficits.
- Most diseases are multifactorial, stemming from multiple contributing factors, not a single cause. Some disease-causing agents are unspecified (idiopathic).
- Risk factors predispose to or increase the risk of a disease (e.g., obesity, increasing risk of heart disease).
- Congenital conditions are defects present at birth, whereas acquired defects arise from events after birth. Examples include sickle cell anemia and exposure to infections (e.g., HBV).
- Pathogenesis details the sequence of cellular and tissue events from initial contact with an etiologic agent until the expression of the disease.
- Atherosclerosis is an example, where the cause is the disease, and the pathogenic process is the progression of the disease.
- Morphology refers to the fundamental structure and form of cells and tissues, focusing on gross anatomic and microscopic changes characteristic of diseases.
- Histology studies cells and the extracellular matrix of tissues, playing a role in diagnosing many types of cancer.
- Disease manifestations include symptoms (subjective complaints) and signs (objective observations). Symptoms can range from pain to difficulty breathing. Signs might include elevated temperature or a rash.
- Diagnosis involves identifying the cause of a disease through patient history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A rationale for lab tests includes validating problems and/or confirming a diagnosis, determining related health problems.
- Clinical course describes the evolution of a disease over time and includes acute, subacute, and chronic stages. Acute diseases are typically severe and self-limiting; chronic diseases are continuous and vary in severity. Subacute is between acute and chronic.
- Pathophysiology bridges basic science and clinical medicine.
- Clinical course includes various disease severities for infectious diseases that can range from clinical disease (signs and symptoms), pre-clinical stage (no signs and symptoms, but transmissible), subclinical disease (not clinically evident), to healthy/passive carriers (harboring an organism, but not infected evidenced by an antibody response) and active carriers (infected individuals transmissible).
- Epidemiology studies disease occurrence and spread in populations, involving risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol), and patterns related to factors such as age, race, and lifestyle..
- Incidence is the number of new cases in a population over a period, while prevalence includes both new and pre-existing cases within a population at a given time point.
- Mortality statistics cover death numbers due to disease, and morbidity considers the effects (clinical course) of a disease on a person's life.
- Cellular adaptation, injury, and death are pivotal concepts.
- Cells maintain homeostasis, adapting to stressors and threats like physiologic stimulus (e.g., pregnancy-related hormonal changes) and pathologic stimulus (e.g., disease). Cell adaptations include hypertrophy (increased size), hyperplasia (increased number), atrophy (reduced size), metaplasia (changing cell type).
- Cell injury can be caused by various factors, including physical agents (mechanical forces, temperature extremes, electrical forces), radiation, chemicals, biological agents, and nutritional imbalances.
- Mechanisms of cell injury include free radical formation, hypoxia/ATP depletion, and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
- Oxidative stress occurs when free radical formation exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them; hypoxia (lack of oxygen) impairs ATP production; and intracellular calcium dysregulation can damage cellular components. This can result in necrosis, which is cell death characterized by inflammation, or apoptosis, a programmed cell death.
- Neoplasia, the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, forms tumors (neoplasms). Benign tumors are well-differentiated, grow slowly, and remain localized. In contrast, malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, grow aggressively, and can metastasize. Nomenclature is important (e.g., adenoma vs adenocarcinoma). Carcinoma in situ is a pre-invasive lesion.
- Carcinogenesis is the multistage process of normal to cancerous cells, involving initiation (DNA damage), promotion (unregulated proliferation), and progression (additional genetic mutations). Factors that can cause gene mutations are inherited factors, chemical carcinogens, viruses, and/or chemical instability of DNA.
- Pathologic descriptions of tumor characteristics include a local increase in cell number, loss of normal cell arrangement and shape, variation in shape/size, and increase in nuclear size and density, with notable increases in mitotic activity.
- Malignant tumors can spread (metastasize) through invasion, infiltration of surrounding tissues, lymph, and/or blood vessels.
- Markers and enzymes are used to identify cells. Tumor cell markers are antigens expressed on the tumor surface. Examples given include hormones, alpha-fetoprotein, and isozymes.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death; its mechanisms are categorized as extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. These occur under physiologic (normal) or pathologic (disease) conditions.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in pathology, examining the complexities of health and disease. Focus areas include etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic processes. Prepare to assess your understanding of the fundamental aspects of disease in preparation for the upcoming exam.
