Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the 3 divisions of extracellular fluid?
What are the 3 divisions of extracellular fluid?
What is the normal human adult blood urea nitrogen level?
What is the normal human adult blood urea nitrogen level?
6-20mg/dL
Lower osmolality means the particles are more ________.
Lower osmolality means the particles are more ________.
diluted
A high concentration of potassium is found within the cell.
A high concentration of potassium is found within the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following hormones with their functions within the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS):
Match the following hormones with their functions within the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS):
Signup and view all the answers
What does high urinary output, pale urine, and frequent urination indicate in patients with Diabetes Insipidus?
What does high urinary output, pale urine, and frequent urination indicate in patients with Diabetes Insipidus?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Divided into three main compartments: interstitial spaces, intravascular (blood vessels), and blood plasma
- Main function is to regulate body temperature, maintain pH, and transport nutrients and waste products
Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions
- Hypertonic solutions: NaCl, Lactated Ringer's, and 10.45% NaCl
- Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes (particles) and a lower concentration of solvent (water)
- Hypotonic solutions: have a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of solvent
- Isotonic solutions: have an equal concentration of solutes and solvent
Polydipsia
- Excessive thirst, which is normal when it accompanies conditions of water deficit
- Characterized by compulsive water drinking
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Renin is secreted and stored by the kidneys and promotes the production of angiotensin
- Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
- Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase in the reabsorption of sodium
- Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that increases blood pressure
Osmolality and Osmolarity
- Osmolality (or osmolarity) refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals in blood serum
- Normal serum osmolarity is 275-295 mOsm/L
- Hypertonic solution has a value >295 mOsm/L
Body Water
- In the average adult male, body water is about 60% of body weight (about 42 L of H2O)
- In the average adult female, body water is about 50% of body weight (about 42 L of H2O) due to adipose tissue
Albumin and Oncotic Pressure
- Albumin is a protein made by the liver
- Albumin helps keep fluid in the bloodstream by exerting oncotic pressure
- Oncotic pressure creates a water molecule deficit, with water molecules moving back into the circulatory system within the lower venous pressure end of capillaries
SIADH and Hyponatremia
- SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is a condition where the body retains water instead of excreting it normally in urine
- Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, weakness, and fatigue, with high urine osmolality (concentrated dark urine) and low serum osmolality
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
- Absence of ADH in the body, leading to excessive urination, production of large amounts of pale urine, frequent urination, and bed wetting
Cell Membrane and Tonicity
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing solvent to pass through but not solute
- Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure between two solutions
- Hypertonic cell size change: shrinks
- Isotonic cell size change: neither shrinks nor swells
- Hypotonic cell size change: swells
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers various topics in pathology, including extracellular fluid, hypertonic solutions, polydipsia, and blood urea nitrogen levels.
