Pathology Case Studies

<p>Research Institute of Molecular Biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dr. Jean Olson</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvascular disease and resulting ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear deposits of anti-GBM antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in the formation of urothelial malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crescent-shaped mass of proliferating parietal epithelial cells and leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes ischemia and subsequent rapid progression to kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrinkling of the glomerular basement membrane with focal disruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvascular disease and resulting ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the risk of urothelial malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute tubular injury (ATI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute interstitial nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct nephrotoxic damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells release cytokines that activate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not contain dead tissue in the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the injury is usually caused by a sudden event</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SIRS is a common feature of ATI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They worsen the condition by exacerbating the decline in kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysts form only in certain tubules, affecting a majority of the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They suggest a possible origin of the cysts from these cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expanding cysts compress and atrophy the remaining normal kidney tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickening and fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes significant edema and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause bleeding into the surrounding kidney tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They worsen the disease progression by further damaging the kidney tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical histological changes include the presence of fibrosing and infiltrates of mononuclear cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of papillary necrosis often signifies a poorer prognosis, as it indicates advanced renal damage and dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concordant cases refer to instances where fluid has been resorbed from the renal ducts, leading to homogeneous protein-rich material in the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular structures may be dilated or shrunken, and can also experience necrosis, leading to significant functional impairments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major cell types include macrophages and lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines regulate the inflammatory response and can exacerbate tissue damage, leading to further fibrosis and dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation can lead to glomerulosclerosis, reducing glomerular filtration rate and impairing kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment often involves immunosuppressive therapies and managing underlying causes to prevent progression of renal damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular atrophy leads to the progressive replacement of kidney tissue with cysts and reduces overall kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial edema signifies fluid accumulation that can compromise renal function and contribute to hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large cysts can cause compression of surrounding tissues, leading to impaired blood flow and kidney injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertensive changes can exacerbate cyst formation and further jeopardize renal function over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative necrosis indicates irreversible cell injury, often leading to further complications in renal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular ischemia promotes cellular injury which can lead to cyst formation as well as impairment in kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic mutation refers to non-hereditary genetic changes within kidney cells that can promote disease progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superimposed infections can worsen renal function and complicate the management of cystic kidney diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imaging studies are often used to diagnose kidney problems because symptoms often develop after significant damage has already occurred. By the time symptoms are noticeable, the damage is advanced enough to be visible on imaging, even if bacteria are no longer present in the urine. This is because bacteria are typically eradicated by the immune system during the infection, leaving behind evidence of damage that can be visualized through imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early recognition and prompt withdrawal of the offending drug are crucial in drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis because it can potentially lead to significant renal injury. While most cases recover after drug withdrawal, delayed recognition and continued drug exposure can exacerbate the damage and prolong the recovery process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Rho&quot; bodies are a hallmark feature of acute tubular necrosis, representing fragmented cell debris within the tubular epithelium. Their presence indicates significant cell death and disruption of normal epithelial function. These bodies are often observed in the setting of ischemic or toxic injury to the tubules, leading to impaired kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inflammatory infiltrate in acute tubular necrosis is primarily composed of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, reflecting the body's response to injury. This inflammatory response is triggered by various causes, including ischemia, toxins, and medications. It contributes to the progression of damage, but its presence also indicates the body's attempt to repair and regenerate the damaged tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pyelonephritis, an inflammation of the renal pelvis, is primarily caused by bacterial infection, often from hematogenous spread or contaminated urine backflow. It leads to acute symptoms like fever and pain, but with proper treatment, can often be resolved. Cystic diseases of the kidney, on the other hand, are developmental abnormalities arising from the tubular epithelium, leading to cyst formation. These cysts can gradually enlarge, causing structural damage and eventually impairing kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instrumentation of the urinary tract, while potentially irritating, is not a major cause of pyelonephritis. This is because pyelonephritis is primarily caused by bacterial infection, usually from ascending or hematogenous spread. While instrumentation can introduce bacteria, it is not a common pathway for infection, and other factors like congenital valve defects play a more significant role in increasing susceptibility to pyelonephritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of &quot;rho&quot; bodies in the tubular epithelium is highly suggestive of acute tubular necrosis, providing valuable diagnostic information for clinicians. It helps to identify the underlying cause of kidney injury and guide treatment strategies. Timely recognition allows for appropriate interventions, such as fluid management and medication adjustments, aimed at mitigating further damage and improving patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed recognition and continued drug exposure in drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis can lead to significant complications, including worsening renal function, prolonged recovery, and even irreversible kidney damage. The offending drug can continue to damage the tubules, exacerbating the inflammatory response and leading to scarring and fibrosis. This can ultimately result in chronic kidney disease, requiring long-term management and potentially dialysis or transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery in ATI refers to the potential for the injured tubular epithelial cells to regenerate and restore normal kidney function. While some degree of recovery is possible, it can be slow and incomplete, depending on the severity of the injury and underlying conditions. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and the nature of the insult all influence the extent of recovery. If recovery is inadequate, it can lead to chronic kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic examination of ATN reveals several characteristic features, including the presence of $<code> ho</code>$ bodies within the tubular epithelial cells, a significant inflammatory infiltrate with neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, and the potential for tubular cell sloughing and cast formation. The overall appearance reflects a breakdown and degeneration of the tubular structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATI often presents with a sudden onset of oliguria or anuria, indicating reduced urine production. This is directly related to the impaired function of the damaged tubular cells, leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate and fluid retention. Other clinical features may include electrolyte imbalances, rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and potentially, symptoms of uremia, such as fatigue, nausea, and mental confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pyelonephritis is typically caused by an ascending infection, where bacteria travel from the lower urinary tract to the renal pelvis. It often manifests with sudden onset of fever, chills, flank pain, and urinary symptoms. In contrast, chronic pyelonephritis develops over a longer period and is usually associated with recurrent infections or obstruction. It can lead to scarring and damage to the renal parenchyma, potentially progressing to chronic kidney disease. Key distinctions include the duration of the inflammation, the nature of the infection, and the extent of tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of $<code> ho</code>$ bodies in the tubular epithelium is a strong indicator of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). These structures are essentially cellular debris and protein aggregates that accumulate within the cells during tubular injury. Their presence assists in confirming the diagnosis of ATN, which is crucial for determining the appropriate management and prognosis for the patient. Early identification of ATN allows for timely intervention to potentially minimize the damage and improve the patient's outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uremia develops in AKI as a consequence of the kidney's failure to filter waste products from the blood effectively. When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) drops significantly due to AKI, waste products such as urea, creatinine, and electrolytes accumulate in the bloodstream. This buildup leads to a constellation of symptoms collectively known as uremia, which includes fatigue, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, and potentially, seizures. The severity of uremia correlates with the extent and duration of AKI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation is a key player in ATI, initially serving as a protective mechanism to clear debris and initiate repair. However, excessive or prolonged inflammation can contribute to further damage of the tubular cells and impede the healing process. The inflammatory response often involves the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which release mediators that can exacerbate tubular injury. This can potentially delay or even prevent complete recovery, increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both ADPKD and ARPKD involve the formation of cysts within the kidneys, but their underlying genetic basis and clinical presentations differ significantly. ADPKD is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes and typically presents later in life, often with slowly progressing cyst formation. ARPKD, on the other hand, is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and often presents at birth or in early childhood with more severe cyst formation. ADPKD usually involves numerous, large cysts, while ARPKD often has fewer but larger cysts, affecting the collecting ducts. The clinical severity and progression of the disease differ significantly between the two types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic diseases can lead to hypertension and eventually end-stage renal disease; progression is slow, and ultimately, the kidneys can be destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cysts are the most common form of cystic disease and are usually benign, with no clinical significance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic diseases are often discovered incidentally during radiologic studies or postmortem examination; their discovery may indicate a risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to associated cerebral aneurysms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilateral lesions can destroy both kidneys, leading to end-stage renal disease; the underlying cause is the progression of cystic disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic diseases can lead to hypertension and eventually end-stage renal disease due to the destruction of functional renal tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic diseases can lead to the destruction of functional renal tissue, resulting in a decrease in renal function and eventual end-stage renal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association between cystic diseases and cerebral aneurysms increases the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage, which can have serious consequences for patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The course of cystic diseases is variable, and patients may experience a slow progression to end-stage renal disease; this variability makes patient management challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>histologic picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>coagulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>autoimmune</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>azotemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>abrupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rho</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>show; liquefactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>necrosis; papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intersitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cortex; medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spread; hematogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ischemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>microscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uneven scarring of kidneys = Morphological change in renal tissue Acute kidney injury = Sudden loss of kidney function Chronic pyelonephritis = Long-term kidney inflammation Nephrotic syndrome = Proteinuria and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic signs = Widespread indications of illness Deformed kidneys = Structural abnormalities affecting function Diffuse kidney involvement = Uniform effects on both kidneys Necrotic tissue = Dead tissue due to lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyelectasis = Dilation of the renal pelvis Calyces = Chambers that collect urine from the kidney Scarring = Fibrosis resulting from tissue repair Glomerular filtration = Process of filtering blood in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute tubular necrosis = Reversible injury to renal tubules Chronic interstitial nephritis = Long-term structural damage to kidney Glomerulonephritis = Inflammation of kidney's filtering units Diabetic nephropathy = Kidney damage due to diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension = Increased pressure in kidney blood vessels Edema = Fluid retention affecting various tissues Metabolic acidosis = Imbalance in the body's acid-base levels Hyperkalemia = Elevated potassium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clean catch urine = Minimizes contamination for culture 24-hour urine collection = Measures total output of substances First morning urine = Concentrated sample for analysis Random urine = Quick assessment without preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration rate = Indicates kidney filtering efficiency Serum creatinine = Measures kidney function and health Urinary protein = Indicates kidney or systemic disease Blood urea nitrogen = Assesses renal clearance capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus = Risk for diabetic nephropathy Hypertension = Contributes to chronic kidney disease Obesity = Linked to various renal complications Autoimmune disorders = Can cause glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) = A form of acute kidney injury primarily due to nephrotoxins. Renal parenchyma = The functional tissue of the kidney. Acute tubular injury (ATI) = A condition characterized by damage to the renal tubules. Ischemic ATI = Results from reduced blood flow to the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock = Caused by blood loss leading to decreased renal perfusion. Sepsis = A systemic infection that can lead to decreased blood flow. Nephrotoxins = Substances that cause direct damage to renal tubular cells. Immune-mediated mechanisms = Responses that lead to injury of tubular epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) = Characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function. Acute renal failure = Historically referred to as the same condition as AKI. Acute tubular necrosis = A subtype of AKI commonly associated with ischemia. Acute interstitial nephritis = A condition often linked to drug reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic ATI = Due to systemic conditions like shock or sepsis. Nephrotoxic ATI = Triggered by exposure to certain medications or toxins. Acute interstitial nephritis = Often associated with allergic reactions to drugs. Acute tubular necrosis = Results from acute insults leading to cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of blood flow = Leads to ischemic injury of renal tubules. Neutrophil infiltration = Characterizes inflammatory response in ATN. Tubular cell apoptosis = Occurs due to severe and persistent injury. Injury resolution = Dependent on the severity and duration of the insult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune mechanisms = Can cause damage to tubular cells via autoantibodies. Neuronal controls = Influence renal blood flow during acute stress. Cytokine release = Triggers inflammatory pathways affecting renal function. Endothelial dysfunction = Contributes to the pathophysiology of ischemic injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute tubular injury = Has a clearer association with specific nephrotoxins. Acute kidney injury = Represents a broader classification of renal dysfunction. Acute renal failure = Denotes a severe and potentially reversible state. Chronic kidney disease = Characterized by progressive loss of renal function over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation phase = Occurs immediately following the injurious event. Extension phase = Involves continued cell death and tubular obstruction. Maintenance phase = Characterized by stable but impaired renal function. Recovery phase = May see regeneration of renal epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyelonephritis = Inflammation due to contaminated urine backflow Acute pyelonephritis = Sudden onset inflammation of the renal pelvis Cystic diseases of the kidney = Primarily originate from tubular epithelium Chronic pyelonephritis = Can result from recurrent kidney infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instrumentation of urinary tract = Can trigger inflammation Congenital valve defect = Associated with pyelonephritis Hematogenous spread = Bacteria spread from distant site Renal pelvis = Commonly affected in pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contaminated urine = Contributes to pyelonephritis Upward movement of bacteria = Can worsen urinary tract infections Congenital defects = Increase risk of renal infections Chronic kidney diseases = Divided from cystic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular epithelium = Origin of cystic diseases Ureterovesicular defect = Can lead to pyelonephritis Distant bacterial infection = Can cause acute pyelonephritis Contaminated urinary tract = Leads to inflammation in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyelonephritis = Triggered by bacterial infection from urine Acute inflammation = Can arise from instrumented urinary tract Chronic inflammation = Often a consequence of recurrent issues Cystic inflammation = Associated with existing kidney conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pyelonephritis = Involves sudden symptoms Chronic pyelonephritis = Gradual onset of symptoms Cystic kidney diseases = Affects tubular structures Bacterial infections = Can affect multiple kidney layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyelonephritis = Often involves renal pelvis Cystic conditions = Associated with tubular epithelium Acute onset = Common in pyelonephritis Contaminated backflow = A causative factor for inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyelonephritis = Results in renal inflammation Cystic disease = Disrupts kidney structure Acute conditions = Lead to rapid clinical symptoms Chronic conditions = Result from repeated infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA nephropathy = Characteristic deposition of IgA, principally in mesangial regions Lupus nephritis = Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with 'wire loop' lesions Goodpasture syndrome = Linear deposition of IgG antibody along the glomerular basement membrane Acute tubular necrosis = Accumulation of ρ bodies in the tubular epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA nephropathy = Immunofluorescence Lupus nephritis = Periodic acid–Schiff stain Acute tubular necrosis = H&amp;E stain Goodpasture syndrome = Electron micrograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Marked increase in cellularity throughout the glomerulus IgA nephropathy = Mesangial proliferation and matrix increase Acute tubular necrosis = Inflammation and cellular debris in the tubules Goodpasture syndrome = Linear deposition of IgG antibody along the glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Autoimmune reaction IgA nephropathy = Immune complex deposition Acute tubular necrosis = Ischemic or toxic injury Goodpasture syndrome = Antibody-mediated injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Subendothelial deposits in the GBM IgA nephropathy = Mesangial deposits of IgA Acute tubular necrosis = Apoptotic tubular cells Goodpasture syndrome = Linear dense deposits along the GBM</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Hematuria and proteinuria IgA nephropathy = Recurrent hematuria Acute tubular necrosis = Acute kidney injury Goodpasture syndrome = Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Immune complex-mediated injury IgA nephropathy = IgA-mediated immune response Acute tubular necrosis = Toxic or ischemic injury to tubular cells Goodpasture syndrome = Antibody-mediated injury to glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lupus nephritis = Membranous pattern of nephritis IgA nephropathy = Mesangial pattern of nephritis Acute tubular necrosis = Tubular pattern of nephritis Goodpasture syndrome = Linear pattern of nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Autosomal Dominant Fibrocystin-related disorders = Autosomal Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = PKD1 gene Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = PKHD1 gene Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease = MCKD1 gene Tuberous Sclerosis = TSC1 and TSC2 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Cyst formation in adulthood Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Cyst formation in childhood Nephronophthisis = Fibrosis and atrophy of kidneys Medullary Sponge Kidney = Cysts in collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrocystin = A protein encoded by the PKHD1 gene Cyst formation = The hallmark feature of polycystic kidney disease Morbidity = The rate of disease in a population Gene mutation = A change in the DNA sequence of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Commonly found in adults Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Often presents in infants Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease = Usually diagnosed in late adolescence Tuberous Sclerosis = May present in childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Multiple kidney cysts bilaterally Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Congenital anomalies in the kidney Medullary Sponge Kidney = Cystic dilation of the collecting tubules Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease = Cysts develop in patients with chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Inheritable condition with late onset Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = Rapid progression with early symptoms Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease = Associated with long-term kidney failure Nephronophthisis = Leading cause of kidney failure in young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease = Hypertension and renal failure Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease = End-stage renal disease in childhood Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease = Progressive renal dysfunction Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease = Increased risk of renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers