Patho Colloquium 1 2023/2024

Characteristic Components of Granulation Tissue

• Granulation tissue is composed of fibroblasts, loose connective tissue, new capillaries, and inflammatory cells.

Cell Aging

• A characteristic change in cell aging is the shortening of telomeres.

Myocardial Infarction

• Myocardial infarction, pathologically, involves coagulative necrosis.

Lynch Syndrome

• Lynch syndrome is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Atherosclerosis

• High HDL levels are NOT associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Low LDL levels, tobacco smoking, and hypertension are associated risk factors.

MicroRNAs (miRNA)

• MicroRNAs do not encode proteins.
• They are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
• miRNA expression can affect the invasiveness of cancer cells.
• Analyses of miRNA expression can be diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for some cancers.

Cushing's Ulcer

• Cushing's ulcer is commonly associated with severe burns.

Tissue Fixation Goals

• Tissue fixation aims to slow down cellular activity, preserve tissue structure, prevent decay, facilitate microscopic examination, prepare for molecular analysis, and enable archiving.

Good Fixative Characteristics

• An ideal fixative penetrates rapidly, reacts swiftly, causes minimal structural alteration, is safe, and is inexpensive.

Formalin Buffer pH

• A 10% formalin-buffered solution for tissue preservation should maintain a pH range of 7.2 to 7.4 to ensure stability and effective preservation.

Tissue Fixation Factors

• Tissue fixation is affected by the duration of exposure, temperature, the type of tissue, and the fixative's chemical properties (pH).

Dehydration in Tissue Preparation

• Dehydration in tissue preparation involves replacing water with non-polar substances to preserve structure and aid in staining.

Intermediate Fluids in Tissue Preparation

• Intermediate fluids facilitate the transition from dehydration to paraffin infiltration during tissue preparation.

Secondary Hypercoagulable States

• Factor V Leiden mutation is a secondary hypercoagulable state.

KRAS Location

• KRAS is frequently found in pancreatic cancer.

Risk Factors for ARDS

• A mature birth is NOT a risk factor for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Nutmeg Liver

• A nutmeg liver shows central necrosis with peripheral fatty change.

Mosquito Bite Erythema

• Erythema at the site of a mosquito bite is due to vasodilation.

Cytological Staining

• Pap smear uses Pap/Papanicolaou stain for cytological purposes.

Acute Inflammation Exudate

• Exudate is a sign of acute inflammation.

Neutrophil Movement

• Chemotaxis drives the active transport of neutrophils along a chemical gradient.

Chronic Inflammation Causes

• Prolonged exposure to harmful (exogenous or endogenous) factors can cause chronic inflammation.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

• The cardinal signs of inflammation are local heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).

Sex Cord Stromal Tumor

• A Sertoli cell tumor is a type of sex cord stromal tumor.

Phimosis

• Phimosis is a condition characterized by an inability to retract the prepuce easily over the glans penis.

Hypospadias

• Hypospadias is a condition where the urethral opening is located on the ventral aspect of the penis.

Epispadias

• Epispadias is characterized by an abnormal urethral opening on the dorsal aspect of the penis.

Tissue Repair Factors

• Factors impairing wound healing include infection, diabetes, and poor perfusion.

Infant Mortality

• Congenital malformations are a leading cause of death in infants under one year of age.

Granulomas

• Granulomas are characterized by epithelioid cells, giant cells, and often caseous necrosis.

RB1 Gene

• RB1 is a tumor suppressor gene associated with retinoblastoma.

Gene Rearrangement

• BCR-ABL is a gene rearrangement associated with chronic myeloid leukemia.

Familial Mediterranean Fever

• Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal dominant disorder.
• Its most serious complication is progressive systemic amyloidosis, affecting kidney function.
• Mutations in the MEFV gene lead to dysregulation of caspase-1 by the pyrin protein.

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is linked to a mutation in the HPRT1 gene on the X chromosome, affecting males mostly.
• Females carrying this mutation are typically asymptomatic.

Purulent Gallbladder Inflammation

• Histological examination of a purulent gallbladder inflammation will not show a predominance of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate.

Intestinal Anastomosis Leakage

• Leakage of an intestinal anastomosis following surgical resection would cause an increase in heart rate, expression of selectins at the injured site, and possible disturbances of consciousness. Fibrous exudate would form at the perforation site. Increased vitamin C production in the liver is not a typical consequence.

Seminoma

• Seminoma is the most common germ cell tumor of the testis, derived from germ cells. It's not associated with elevated hCG levels in all cases, and its precursor is not Bowen's disease.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Location

• Squamous cell carcinoma is commonly found in the penis and scrotum.

Acute Pulmonary Congestion

• Interstitial fibrosis is NOT a feature of acute pulmonary congestion.

Pulmonary Embolus Composition

• The vast majority of emboli are composed of thrombus. Other possibilities include air, amniotic fluid, and lipid droplets, but thrombus is most common.

Autoinflammatory Diseases

• Autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by an unexpected inflammatory response to an innocent stimulus (e.g., a temperature change). The development of the symptoms involves NOD-like receptors and inflammasome products.

Prostate Adenocarcinoma Grading

• Prostate adenocarcinoma grading is based on assessing nuclear morphology and tubular architecture.

Pulmonary Embolism Features

• The given information is incomplete to determine which feature is NOT characteristic of pulmonary embolism.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

• A prominent neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate in pulmonary parenchyma, hyaline membranes in alveoli, atelectasis, and collapsed alveoli are features of RDS. Proliferation of type II pneumocytes is part of the repair process rather than an initial feature of RDS.

Caseous Necrosis

• Caseous necrosis is found in tuberculosis.

Cardiac Muscle in Emphysema

• Cardiac muscle in the course of spontaneous pulmonary emphysema undergoes hypertrophy.

Pancreatic Enzymatic Necrosis

• Pancreatic enzymatic necrosis is marked by the enzymatic necrosis of adipose tissue.

Steatosis (Fatty Change)

• Steatosis is observed as an accumulation of simple fats within the cytoplasm of cells, particularly in the liver. Hydrophobic degeneration of the liver, accumulation of fats in cardiomyocytes, and the replacement of pancreatic acinar tissue with fat are all instances of steatosis.

Skin Cancer Risk Factor

• Exposure to UV radiation is the primary risk factor for skin cancer.

Chronic Inflammation Causes

• Chronic inflammation is caused by long-term exposure to harmful exogenous and endogenous factors.

Test your knowledge on various aspects of pathology and histology with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as granulation tissue, myocardial infarction, and tissue fixation techniques. Excel in understanding pathological changes and cellular aging.