60 Questions
Which gland is divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis?
Pituitary gland
Which type of cells in the anterior pituitary gland take up acidic dyes?
Acidophils
Which hormone is secreted by both chromophobes and basophils in the pituitary gland?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates bone growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which hormone from the posterior pituitary gland facilitates the absorption of water in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What condition is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid cells?
Goitre
Which disease is characterized by hypothyroidism and an enlarged thyroid gland?
Hashimoto's disease
What is the main function of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) synthesized by the thyroid gland?
Stimulate metabolic rate
What is the term for a benign tumor arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Adenoma
What is the term for a tumor that causes pressure effect and can be associated with overproduction of hormones?
Adenoma
Which condition is characterized by diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells?
Grave's Disease
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas where iodine is readily available?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Which condition is characterized by the immune system destroying its own thyroid tissue, leading to progressive depletion of thyroid cells and fibrosis?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Which type of thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis?
Papillary
Which type of thyroid carcinoma has an increased risk of metastasis to bone, lung, and liver?
Follicular
Which type of thyroid carcinoma arises from C cells and is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasm (MEN 2) syndrome?
Medullary
Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye, leading to proptosis?
Grave's Disease
Which condition is characterized by the thickening and induration of the skin on the anterior shin, known as pre-tibial myxoedema?
Grave's Disease
What is the term for the benign tumour of the thyroid follicular cells?
Follicular adenoma
What is the term for the softening of the trachea, which collapses and obstructs the airways?
Tracheomalacia
Which of the following is NOT a learning objective mentioned in the text?
Learning the basic pathology of the major endocrine glands
What is the meaning of the term 'hormone' in Greek?
To arouse
Which gland is mentioned as both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
Pancreas
What is the term for the action of a hormone on a target organ away from the secreting cell?
Endocrine
Which type of gland is stimulated by neural stimulation to secrete hormones?
Adrenal gland
What is the overall structure of endocrine glands?
Cuboidal secretory cells supported by myoepithelial cells
Which glands mentioned in the text do not have lumina in their functional units?
Pituitary and parathyroid glands
What is the topic of the text?
Histology and pathology of the endocrine system
When was the text published?
6th January 2023
Which of the following is NOT a learning objective mentioned in the text?
Learning the clinical details of the endocrine system
What is the term for a tumor that causes pressure effect and can be associated with overproduction of hormones?
Adenoma
Which hormone from the posterior pituitary gland facilitates the absorption of water in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which type of thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis?
Papillary carcinoma
Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Antidiabetic hormone and oxytocin
What is the function of antidiabetic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Facilitates absorption of water in the kidneys
What is oxytocin's role in the body?
Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus
How do we identify the specific hormones secreted by cells in the pituitary gland?
By using antibody staining against specific hormones
Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Vasopressin
What is the term for the action of a hormone on an adjacent cell?
Paracrine
Which of the following glands mentioned in the text does NOT have a lumen in its functional unit?
Parathyroid glands
Which hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland acts on the breast?
Prolactin
Which gland is referred to as the 'father' of the endocrine glands?
Pituitary gland
What is the term for the condition characterized by the accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye, leading to proptosis?
Graves' disease
What is the term for the enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells?
Goitre
Which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates bone growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which condition is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid cells?
Goitre
What is the term for the benign tumor arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Adenoma
Which hormone deficiency leads to the enlargement of the thyroid gland in patients with goitre?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is the term for the softening of the trachea, which collapses and obstructs the airways in patients with goitre?
Tracheomalacia
Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eyes, leading to proptosis?
Graves Disease
What is the term for a benign tumor arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Adenoma
Which type of thyroid carcinoma has an increased risk of metastasis to bone, lung, and liver?
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
What is the term for the softening of the trachea, which collapses and obstructs the airways?
Tracheomalacia
Which term is used to describe the thickening and integration of the anterior skin in infiltrated democracy?
Mixed oedema
What is the biochemical characteristic of patients with good law to search and how to three and two for due to the negative feedback?
Normal thyroid function
What is the appearance of the thyroid gland in patients with Grave's disease?
Enlarged and vascular
What is the main reason why appropriate medication is used to suppress the production of excess to 24 in patients with thyroid gland abnormalities?
To regulate hormone levels
What is the characteristic feature of thyroid glands with excessive 24 production?
Permanent blood vessels
What is the term used to describe the accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye in thyroid gland abnormalities?
Proptosis
Study Notes
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary gland is divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
- Basophils in the anterior pituitary gland take up acidic dyes.
- Chromophobes and basophils in the pituitary gland secrete growth hormone.
- Growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates bone growth.
- Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland facilitates the absorption of water in the kidneys.
Thyroid Gland
- Goitre is a condition characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid cells.
- Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) synthesized by the thyroid gland regulate metabolism.
- A benign tumor arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called a pituitary adenoma.
- A tumor that causes pressure effect and can be associated with overproduction of hormones is called a space-occupying lesion.
- Graves' disease is characterized by diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells.
- Autoimmune thyroiditis is a condition where the immune system destroys its own thyroid tissue, leading to progressive depletion of thyroid cells and fibrosis.
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis.
- Follicular thyroid carcinoma has an increased risk of metastasis to bone, lung, and liver.
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma arises from C cells and is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasm (MEN 2) syndrome.
- Thyroid follicular adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid follicular cells.
- Tracheomalacia is the softening of the trachea, which collapses and obstructs the airways.
- Pretibial myxoedema is a condition characterized by the thickening and induration of the skin on the anterior shin.
- Exophthalmos is a condition characterized by the accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye, leading to proptosis.
General Endocrinology
- Hormone from Greek means "to stimulate" or "to excite".
- The pancreas is mentioned as both an exocrine and endocrine gland.
- The action of a hormone on a target organ away from the secreting cell is called endocrine action.
- Neural stimulation stimulates the secretion of hormones in certain glands.
- The overall structure of endocrine glands is compact, epithelial cells, and richly vascularized.
- The pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands mentioned in the text do not have lumina in their functional units.
Test your knowledge of the histology and pathology of the endocrine system with this quiz. Learn about the relationship between endocrine glands and target organs, the types of hormones secreted by major endocrine glands, and the histological features of these glands.
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