Pathology and Disease Study Concepts

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Match the following terms with their definitions:

Pathology = the study of disease Etiology = the study of the cause of a disease Pathogenesis = the development of disease Infection = invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Symptoms = Changes in body function that are felt by a patient Signs = Changes in a body that can be measured or observed Syndrome = A specific group of signs & symptoms that accompany a disease Disease = an abnormal state in which the body is not performing

Match the following types of infections with their descriptions:

Local infection = Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body Systemic (generalized) infection = An infection throughout the body Primary infection = Acute infection that causes the initial illness Secondary infection = Caused by opportunistic pathogens after a primary infection

Match the following terms with their explanations:

Communicable disease = A disease that is spread from one host to another Contagious disease = disease that is easily & rapidly spread Noncommunicable disease = A disease that is not spread from one host to another Reservoir = continual sources of infection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:

Direct contact transmission = requires close association (touching) between infected person and susceptible host Indirect contact transmission = spreads to the host by a contaminated non-living object called a fomite Droplet transmission = transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter Airborne transmission = transmission via airborne droplets more than 1 meter Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Virulence = The enhanced ability of a pathogen to cause infection Toxin = Poisonous substance produced by pathogens Immune system = Protects the human host Toxoid = A chemically modified toxin which is no longer toxic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Parenteral route = Non-oral entry, pathogens directly deposited into tissue or bloodstream Coagulase = Helps form blood clots to prevent host defenses from reaching bacteria Hyaluronidase = Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue IgA protease = Destroys IgA antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions:

Mechanisms of Pathogenicity = The different ways by which a microbe can cause an infectious disease Kinase = Breaks down blood clots surrounding bacteria to allow spread throughout the body Collagenase = Breaks down collagen in connective tissue Antitoxin = Antibody against a toxin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles:

Transmission - Arthropod vector carries pathogen outside its body = Passive transport of pathogen Biological vector transmission - Arthropod vector supports life cycle of pathogen in its body = Active transport of pathogen via bites Adherence (adhesion) = Ability of pathogens to attach to host tissues/cells Toxemia = Presence of toxin in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Granulocytes = Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope Basophils = Release histamine; involved in allergic responses Eosinophils = Toxic against parasites and worms Neutrophils = Phagocytic; work in early stages of infection; First responders Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions:

Monocytes = Travel in blood & will mature into macrophages in tissues where they become phagocytic cells Phagocytosis = Ingestion of microbes or other substances by a phagocyte Chemotaxis = Release of chemical signals (cytokines) by pathogen attract phagocytes Adherence = Attachment of phagocyte to surface of the pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their outcomes:

Ingestion = Endocytosis of pathogen forming a phagosome that merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome inside the phagocyte Digestion = Pathogen is digested inside a phagolysosome Capsule (pathogen too big to be engulfed) = Capsule (pathogen too big to be engulfed) Mycolic acid (a waxy lipid) = Inhibits Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions:

Opsonization = Complement proteins coat surface of pathogen Inflammation = Complement proteins bind mast cells Cytolysis = Complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC) Immunology = Study of host defenses against foreign substances (antigens) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Antigen (Ag) = Substance that stimulates a certain immune response in the form of antibody production Antibody (Ab) = Protective proteins made by the host in response to certain antigens Humoral Immunity = Fights invaders and threats outside of the cell (extracellular Ag’s) Cell-Mediated (Cellular) Immunity = Attacks antigens that have entered the cell (intracellular Ag’s) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following T cell types with their functions:

Helper T cells (TH cells) = Activate TC cells involved in cell-mediated immunity Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) = Destroy target cells on contact Regulatory T cells (TR cells) = Suppresses/turns-off immune response when it is not needed Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells (TD cells) = Produces a delayed and exaggerated immune response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Opsonization = Promotes attraction/attachment of phagocyte to pathogen Inflammation = Increase blood vessel permeability; chemotactic attraction of phagocytes Cytolysis = Creates a hole/channel in pathogen’s cell wall/cell membrane Immunology = The study of host defenses against foreign substances (antigens) Signup and view all the answers

Pathology is the study of ______.

disease Signup and view all the answers

______ is the study of the cause of a disease.

Etiology Signup and view all the answers

Pathogenesis is the ______ of disease.

development Signup and view all the answers

Infection is the ______ or colonization of the body by pathogens.

invasion Signup and view all the answers

Disease is an ______ state in which the body is not performing.

abnormal Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms are ______ in body function that are felt by a patient.

Changes Signup and view all the answers

Signs are ______ in a body that can be measured or observed.

Changes Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

A ______ disease is not spread from one host to another.

Noncommunicable Signup and view all the answers

Host defenses provide the ability of the host to remove ______ in order to prevent disease.

pathogen(s) Signup and view all the answers

______ microbes are one organism that benefits while the other organism (host) is unaffected.

Commensal Signup and view all the answers

______ microbes provide something to the host.

Beneficial Signup and view all the answers

______ microbes act as pathogens under certain circumstances.

Opportunistic Signup and view all the answers

Normal microbiota ______ with pathogens (invading microbes), leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria.

compete Signup and view all the answers

______ are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope.

Granulocytes Signup and view all the answers

______ release histamine and are involved in allergic responses.

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

______ are toxic against parasites and worms.

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

______ are phagocytic, work in the early stages of infection, and are the first responders.

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

The ______ helps form blood clots, stopping blood flow so host defenses cannot reach the bacterium.

coagulase Signup and view all the answers

______ is the ability of a pathogen to produce a toxin.

Toxigenicity Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a chemically modified toxin which is no longer toxic.

toxoid Signup and view all the answers

An ______ is an antibody against a toxin.

antitoxin Signup and view all the answers

______ is the ability of pathogens to attach to host tissues or cells.

Adherence Signup and view all the answers

______ breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue.

Hyaluronidase Signup and view all the answers

______ breaks down collagen in connective tissue.

Collagenase Signup and view all the answers

An ______ is something that acts as an antigen.

immunogen Signup and view all the answers

The ______ protects the human host.

immune system Signup and view all the answers

Complement proteins coat the surface of a ______ to promote attraction and attachment of phagocytes.

pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Complement proteins bind ______ cells, which release histamine to increase blood vessel permeability and attract phagocytes.

mast Signup and view all the answers

Complement proteins can create a ______ that forms a hole in the pathogen's cell wall or membrane.

membrane attack complex Signup and view all the answers

Immunology is the study of host defenses against ______ substances.

foreign Signup and view all the answers

______ immunity fights invaders and threats outside of the cell.

Humoral Signup and view all the answers

______ T cells activate TC cells involved in cell-mediated immunity and certain B cells to produce antibodies.

Helper Signup and view all the answers

______ T cells destroy target cells on contact.

Cytotoxic Signup and view all the answers

______ T cells suppress or turn off the immune response when it is not needed.

Regulatory Signup and view all the answers

______ T cells produce a delayed and exaggerated immune response.

Delayed Hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

______ T cells promote a relatively rapid immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.

Memory Signup and view all the answers

Pathology and Disease Study Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Match the following types of infections with their descriptions:

Match the following terms with their explanations:

Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Match the following terms with their functions:

Match the following terms with their roles:

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Match the following terms with their functions:

Match the following terms with their outcomes:

Match the following with their functions:

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Match the following T cell types with their functions:

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Pathology is the study of ______.

______ is the study of the cause of a disease.

Pathogenesis is the ______ of disease.

Infection is the ______ or colonization of the body by pathogens.

Disease is an ______ state in which the body is not performing.

Symptoms are ______ in body function that are felt by a patient.

Signs are ______ in a body that can be measured or observed.

A ______ is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

A ______ disease is not spread from one host to another.

Host defenses provide the ability of the host to remove ______ in order to prevent disease.

______ microbes are one organism that benefits while the other organism (host) is unaffected.

______ microbes provide something to the host.

______ microbes act as pathogens under certain circumstances.

Normal microbiota ______ with pathogens (invading microbes), leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria.

______ are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope.

______ release histamine and are involved in allergic responses.

______ are toxic against parasites and worms.

______ are phagocytic, work in the early stages of infection, and are the first responders.

The ______ helps form blood clots, stopping blood flow so host defenses cannot reach the bacterium.

______ is the ability of a pathogen to produce a toxin.

A ______ is a chemically modified toxin which is no longer toxic.

An ______ is an antibody against a toxin.

______ is the ability of pathogens to attach to host tissues or cells.

______ breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue.

______ breaks down collagen in connective tissue.

An ______ is something that acts as an antigen.

The ______ protects the human host.

Complement proteins coat the surface of a ______ to promote attraction and attachment of phagocytes.

Complement proteins bind ______ cells, which release histamine to increase blood vessel permeability and attract phagocytes.

Complement proteins can create a ______ that forms a hole in the pathogen's cell wall or membrane.

Immunology is the study of host defenses against ______ substances.

______ immunity fights invaders and threats outside of the cell.

______ T cells activate TC cells involved in cell-mediated immunity and certain B cells to produce antibodies.

______ T cells destroy target cells on contact.

______ T cells suppress or turn off the immune response when it is not needed.

______ T cells produce a delayed and exaggerated immune response.

______ T cells promote a relatively rapid immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.

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