Understanding Pathology and Disease Concepts

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What is the term used to describe the process where an arthropod vector carries a pathogen outside of its body?

Parenteral route

Passive transport (correct)

Active transport

Biological vector transmission

Which term describes the enhanced ability of a pathogen to cause infection?

Adherence

Toxigenicity

Virulence (correct)

Pathogenicity

What is the term used to describe the non-oral entry of pathogens directly into tissue or the bloodstream?

Coagulase

Adherence

Parenteral route (correct)

Toxemia

Which enzyme helps a bacterium stop blood flow, preventing host defenses from reaching it?

Coagulase Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the presence of a toxin in the bloodstream?

Toxemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a chemically modified toxin that is no longer toxic?

Toxoid Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the ability of pathogens to attach to host tissues or cells?

Adherence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe an antibody against a toxin?

Antitoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a substance that acts as an antigen and can induce an immune response?

Immunogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the cause of a disease?

Etiology Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease accompanies a specific group of signs and symptoms?

Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What do you call an acute infection that causes the initial illness?

Primary infection Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes pathogens limited to a small area of the body?

Local infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission that requires close association between infected person and susceptible host?

Direct contact transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the continual sources of infection?

Reservoir Signup and view all the answers

What is a disease that is spread from one host to another known as?

Communicable disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of commensal microbes?

One organism benefits while the other is unaffected Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when normal microbiota compete with pathogens, leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria?

Competitive exclusion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granulocyte is involved in allergic responses?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of a pathogen?

Adherence Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granulocyte is considered the 'first responder' in the early stages of infection?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the release of chemical signals (cytokines) by a pathogen to attract phagocytes?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about capsules in pathogens is true?

Capsules make pathogens too big to be engulfed by phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of monocytes in the host defense system?

They travel in the blood and mature into macrophages in tissues where they become phagocytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mycolic acid in pathogens?

It is a waxy lipid that inhibits phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Opsonization in the immune system?

Promotes attraction of phagocytes to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity fights invaders outside of the cell?

Humoral Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Regulatory T cells?

Suppress the immune response when not needed Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity by attacking intracellular antigens?

Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Antibodies in the immune system?

Protective proteins against specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which process creates a membrane attack complex that forms a hole in the pathogen's cell membrane?

Cytolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Helper T cells in the immune response?

Activate B cells to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers