Depression and Bipolar Disorders Overview

Which symptom is characteristic of mania in bipolar disorder?

What is a key feature that distinguishes Bipolar 1 from Bipolar 2 disorder?

What is a symptom that distinguishes hypomania from mania?

Which condition must be excluded when diagnosing Bipolar Disorder 1?

What is a common symptom observed in individuals experiencing manic psychosis?

Which criterion in the DSM-5 must be satisfied for a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder?

What is the predicted rank of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030 according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Which of the following cognitive symptoms is NOT listed as a clinical feature of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to the DSM-5 criteria?

Which receptor, when blocked, would cause dry mouth and constipation?

What adverse effect is expected from blocking alpha-1 receptors on blood vessels?

Which receptors, when blocked, can inhibit feeding and disrupt the sleep-wake cycle?

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect associated with blocking M receptors by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

What is the main mechanism behind life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in TCA overdose?

Which receptor, when blocked by TCAs, is responsible for their sexual dysfunction adverse effect?

Which of the following is NOT a core feature of a delusion?

Which neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder based on the monoamine hypothesis?

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of bipolar I disorder compared to bipolar II disorder?

According to the neurotrophic hypothesis, which of the following is proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder?

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of action for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a common class of antidepressant medications?

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism underlying the metabolic imbalance associated with bipolar disorder?

What is the primary mechanism of action for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

How do serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) differ from tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in terms of receptor blockade?

Which of the following statements about venlafaxine, an SNRI, is correct?

What is the role of serotonin in the therapeutic mechanism of antidepressants?

Which of the following adverse effects is typically more pronounced with TCAs compared to SSRIs?

What is a potential advantage of SSRIs over TCAs in terms of adverse effects?