Depression and Bipolar Disorders Overview

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Which symptom is characteristic of mania in bipolar disorder?

Increased need for sleep

Feeling excessively tired all the time

Experiencing vivid nightmares

Decreased need for sleep (correct)

What is a key feature that distinguishes Bipolar 1 from Bipolar 2 disorder?

No depressive episodes in Bipolar 1

Presence of at least 1 hypomanic episode

Excessive involvement in risk-free activities in Bipolar 2

Presence of at least 1 manic episode (correct)

What is a symptom that distinguishes hypomania from mania?

Severe hallucinations

Psychotic features

Excessive risk-taking behavior

Less severe impairment in daily functioning (correct)

Which condition must be excluded when diagnosing Bipolar Disorder 1?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom observed in individuals experiencing manic psychosis?

Marked disorientation and confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion in the DSM-5 must be satisfied for a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder?

At least 1 episode of mania/hypomania lasting for at least 4 consecutive days Signup and view all the answers

What is the predicted rank of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030 according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

The 2nd leading cause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive symptoms is NOT listed as a clinical feature of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Impaired problem-solving ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to the DSM-5 criteria?

2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor, when blocked, would cause dry mouth and constipation?

M receptors Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is expected from blocking alpha-1 receptors on blood vessels?

Vasodilation leading to edema in the brain, kidney, and GI tract Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors, when blocked, can inhibit feeding and disrupt the sleep-wake cycle?

H1 receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect associated with blocking M receptors by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism behind life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in TCA overdose?

Blocking of Na+ channels in myocardial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor, when blocked by TCAs, is responsible for their sexual dysfunction adverse effect?

5-HT2a receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core feature of a delusion?

The person recognizes that the belief is irrational and not based in reality Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder based on the monoamine hypothesis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of bipolar I disorder compared to bipolar II disorder?

Presence of manic episodes Signup and view all the answers

According to the neurotrophic hypothesis, which of the following is proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder?

Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism of action for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a common class of antidepressant medications?

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake, increasing synaptic serotonin levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism underlying the metabolic imbalance associated with bipolar disorder?

Increased glycolysis and reduced oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

How do serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) differ from tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in terms of receptor blockade?

SNRIs have weaker alpha-1, histamine, and muscarinic receptor blockades than TCAs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about venlafaxine, an SNRI, is correct?

It weakly inhibits dopamine reuptake in addition to serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of serotonin in the therapeutic mechanism of antidepressants?

Serotonin is responsible for regulating mood and emotional states Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is typically more pronounced with TCAs compared to SSRIs?

Sedation and anticholinergic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of SSRIs over TCAs in terms of adverse effects?

Lower risk of weight gain over time Signup and view all the answers