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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of cellular injury?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of cellular injury?
What is the rate of cell replication in the human body?
What is the rate of cell replication in the human body?
What role does apoptosis play in the regulation of cell populations?
What role does apoptosis play in the regulation of cell populations?
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What term refers to areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ?
What term refers to areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ?
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What is the most common outcome of necrosis?
What is the most common outcome of necrosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a goal of fixation?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of fixation?
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Which process is responsible for the uncontrolled release of intra-cellular enzymes from lysosomes?
Which process is responsible for the uncontrolled release of intra-cellular enzymes from lysosomes?
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What is the action of micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi in tissue putrefaction?
What is the action of micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi in tissue putrefaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rate of fixation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rate of fixation?
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What is the primary effect of coagulant fixatives on proteins?
What is the primary effect of coagulant fixatives on proteins?
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Which type of fixative results in cytoplasmic flocculation and poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules?
Which type of fixative results in cytoplasmic flocculation and poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules?
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What type of fixative forms cross-links within and between proteins and nucleic acids?
What type of fixative forms cross-links within and between proteins and nucleic acids?
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Which chemical groups are most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?
Which chemical groups are most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?
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What is the main purpose of fixation?
What is the main purpose of fixation?
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What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?
What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?
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What is the primary role of aldehyde groups in certain fixatives?
What is the primary role of aldehyde groups in certain fixatives?
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What is the effect of coagulative/precipitant fixatives on cellular architecture at the light microscopy level?
What is the effect of coagulative/precipitant fixatives on cellular architecture at the light microscopy level?
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What is the primary role of formalin in histopathology specimens?
What is the primary role of formalin in histopathology specimens?
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What is the overall aim of histology fixation and processing?
What is the overall aim of histology fixation and processing?
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What is the effect of formalin on histopathology specimens?
What is the effect of formalin on histopathology specimens?
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What is the primary purpose of fixation in histology?
What is the primary purpose of fixation in histology?
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What is the main function of formalin in the treatment of histopathology specimens?
What is the main function of formalin in the treatment of histopathology specimens?
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What step in the specimen processing timeline involves using fresh formalin for 18h?
What step in the specimen processing timeline involves using fresh formalin for 18h?
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What method allows for sectioning and staining of histopathology specimens?
What method allows for sectioning and staining of histopathology specimens?
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What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?
What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?
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What is the primary role of formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in feminine care products?
What is the primary role of formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in feminine care products?
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Which of the following is true about the reaction of formaldehyde with nuclear proteins and nucleic acids?
Which of the following is true about the reaction of formaldehyde with nuclear proteins and nucleic acids?
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What is the primary role of formaldehyde in fixation?
What is the primary role of formaldehyde in fixation?
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What is the main purpose of using formalin as a fixative?
What is the main purpose of using formalin as a fixative?
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What is the effect of formaldehyde on unsaturated lipids?
What is the effect of formaldehyde on unsaturated lipids?
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What is the outcome of the oxidation of formaldehyde by the oxygen in the air?
What is the outcome of the oxidation of formaldehyde by the oxygen in the air?
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What is the primary action of formaldehyde in aqueous solution?
What is the primary action of formaldehyde in aqueous solution?
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What is the effect of formaldehyde on carbohydrates?
What is the effect of formaldehyde on carbohydrates?
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What chemical group is most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?
What chemical group is most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?
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What is the action of methanol formed by the oxidation of formaldehyde?
What is the action of methanol formed by the oxidation of formaldehyde?
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What is the primary effect of formaldehyde on proteins?
What is the primary effect of formaldehyde on proteins?
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Study Notes
- Cellular injury can be caused by various physical and chemical agents, leading to disruption of membranes, metabolic interference, and potentially reversible damage or cell death.
- Necrosis is a pathological term for areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ, resulting from accidental cell death. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a programmed cell death process that regulates cell populations.
- Fixation is the process of preserving cells and tissues, preventing post-mortem changes such as ischemia, autolysis, and putrefaction.
- Temperature, size of specimen, volume, pH and buffers, osmolarity, concentration, and duration are factors that influence the rate and quality of fixation.
- Fixatives, which are largely irreversible, help stabilize proteins, prevent autolysis, and prevent bacterial decomposition, allowing for further preparative procedures.
- Fixatives can be coagulative/precipitant, which denature proteins and make them insoluble, or non-coagulant cross-linking, which form bridges between proteins and nucleic acids.
- Commonly used fixatives include formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and alcohol. Aldehyde groups in these fixatives react with specific amino acids in proteins, forming stable cross-links.
- Coagulative fixatives maintain tissue histomorphology at the light microscopy level but result in poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules, making them less useful for ultrastructural analysis.
- Non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives are useful for ultrastructural analysis as they preserve tissue architecture without causing cytoplasmic flocculation.
- All fixatives are hazardous and require careful handling to ensure safety.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular injury, tissue preservation and fixation, standard fixation methods, formalin treatment, tissue selection, and sampling of surgical specimens. This quiz covers important concepts related to pathological sciences and surgical cut-up.