Pathological Sciences Lecture 2 Quiz除了part3
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Pathological Sciences Lecture 2 Quiz除了part3

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

  • Necrosis is reversible, while apoptosis is irreversible.
  • Necrosis is an outcome rather than a process, while apoptosis is a physiological cell deletion process. (correct)
  • Necrosis is a physiological process, while apoptosis is a pathological process.
  • Necrosis refers to areas of dead cells within a tissue, while apoptosis is a process of physiological cell deletion.

    • Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of cellular injury?

  • Chemical agents
  • Physical agents
  • Metabolic interference
  • Emotional stress (correct)

    • What is the rate of cell replication in the human body?

  • 10,000 new cells per second (correct)
  • 10,000 new cells per minute
  • 10,000 new cells per day
  • 10,000 new cells per hour

    • What role does apoptosis play in the regulation of cell populations?

    <p>Apoptosis has an opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of cell populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common outcome of necrosis?

    <p>Accidental cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of fixation?

    <p>Enhancing cytoplasmic staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the uncontrolled release of intra-cellular enzymes from lysosomes?

    <p>Autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi in tissue putrefaction?

    <p>Production of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rate of fixation?

    <p>Cell replication rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of coagulant fixatives on proteins?

    <p>Denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fixative results in cytoplasmic flocculation and poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules?

    <p>Coagulative/precipitant fixatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fixative forms cross-links within and between proteins and nucleic acids?

    <p>Formalin, glutaraldehyde, and other aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical groups are most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?

    <p>[OH] groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of fixation?

    <p>Arrest autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?

    <p>Cross-linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldehyde groups in certain fixatives?

    <p>Cross-linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of coagulative/precipitant fixatives on cellular architecture at the light microscopy level?

    <p>Cytoplasmic flocculation and poor preservation of certain cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of formalin in histopathology specimens?

    <p>To preserve cells/tissues in life-like condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall aim of histology fixation and processing?

    <p>To enable sectioning/staining of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of formalin on histopathology specimens?

    <p>It replaces the normal fluid in the cells with a gel-like rigid compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fixation in histology?

    <p>To preserve cells/tissues in life-like condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of formalin in the treatment of histopathology specimens?

    <p>To disinfect tissues and replace water with a gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What step in the specimen processing timeline involves using fresh formalin for 18h?

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method allows for sectioning and staining of histopathology specimens?

    <p>Microtomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives on proteins?

    <p>Flocculation and poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in feminine care products?

    <p>To prevent polymerization and inhibit reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the reaction of formaldehyde with nuclear proteins and nucleic acids?

    <p>It penetrates between nucleic acids and proteins, stabilizing the nucleic acid-protein shell, and modifying nucleotides by reacting with free amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of formaldehyde in fixation?

    <p>To penetrate between nucleic acids and proteins, stabilizing the nucleic acid-protein shell, and modifying nucleotides by reacting with free amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using formalin as a fixative?

    <p>To act as a penetrant and fixative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of formaldehyde on unsaturated lipids?

    <p>It reacts with C+C and -SH bonds in unsaturated lipids but does not interact with carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the oxidation of formaldehyde by the oxygen in the air?

    <p>Formation of formic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of formaldehyde in aqueous solution?

    <p>To penetrate between nucleic acids and proteins, stabilizing the nucleic acid-protein shell, and modifying nucleotides by reacting with free amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of formaldehyde on carbohydrates?

    <p>It does not interact with carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical group is most reactive with methylene hydrate in aldehyde fixatives?

    <p>Amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of methanol formed by the oxidation of formaldehyde?

    <p>It polymerizes to form paraformaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of formaldehyde on proteins?

    <p>It forms cross-links within and between proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cellular injury can be caused by various physical and chemical agents, leading to disruption of membranes, metabolic interference, and potentially reversible damage or cell death.
    • Necrosis is a pathological term for areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ, resulting from accidental cell death. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a programmed cell death process that regulates cell populations.
    • Fixation is the process of preserving cells and tissues, preventing post-mortem changes such as ischemia, autolysis, and putrefaction.
    • Temperature, size of specimen, volume, pH and buffers, osmolarity, concentration, and duration are factors that influence the rate and quality of fixation.
    • Fixatives, which are largely irreversible, help stabilize proteins, prevent autolysis, and prevent bacterial decomposition, allowing for further preparative procedures.
    • Fixatives can be coagulative/precipitant, which denature proteins and make them insoluble, or non-coagulant cross-linking, which form bridges between proteins and nucleic acids.
    • Commonly used fixatives include formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and alcohol. Aldehyde groups in these fixatives react with specific amino acids in proteins, forming stable cross-links.
    • Coagulative fixatives maintain tissue histomorphology at the light microscopy level but result in poor preservation of mitochondria and secretory granules, making them less useful for ultrastructural analysis.
    • Non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives are useful for ultrastructural analysis as they preserve tissue architecture without causing cytoplasmic flocculation.
    • All fixatives are hazardous and require careful handling to ensure safety.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular injury, tissue preservation and fixation, standard fixation methods, formalin treatment, tissue selection, and sampling of surgical specimens. This quiz covers important concepts related to pathological sciences and surgical cut-up.

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