Pathological LE7
40 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the outcome of acute inflammation in which the site of inflammation is replaced by connective tissue?

  • Abscess formation
  • Healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis) and scaring (correct)
  • Complete Resolution
  • Progression to chronic inflammation

    • What is the most common cause of chronic inflammation?

  • Recurrent attacks of acute inflammation
  • Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
  • Hypersensitivity diseases/ Immune mediated inflammatory diseases
  • Persistent Infection (correct)

    • What type of cells are involved in the defense against helminthic parasites and allergic inflammation?

  • TH1 cells
  • TH2 cells (correct)
  • TH17 cells
  • Macrophages

    • What is the term for the process by which new vessels proliferate in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of cell type?

    <p>Presence of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue?

    <p>Ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which inflammatory cells induce tissue destruction?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in the defense against many bacteria and viruses?

    <p>TH1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chronic inflammation of prolonged duration?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in the secretion of antibodies?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the body?

    <p>To control parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in the body?

    <p>To release histamines during degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of granulomatous inflammation?

    <p>The presence of granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of granuloma formation?

    <p>To wall off the offending agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granuloma lacks central necrosis?

    <p>Noncaseating granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a typical granuloma?

    <p>Modified macrophages, giant cells, and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collective systemic effects of inflammation?

    <p>Systemic inflammatory response syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are the most important mediators of acute phase reaction?

    <p>TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five local signs of inflammation?

    <p>Heat, redness, edema, pain, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who added the fifth sign of inflammation, functio laesen (loss of function)?

    <p>Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of serous inflammation?

    <p>Accumulation of a thin fluid derived from plasma or mesothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in serous cavities?

    <p>Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fibrinous inflammation and serous inflammation?

    <p>Fibrinous inflammation is characterized by deposition of fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of suppurative inflammation?

    <p>Formation of abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of purulent exudate?

    <p>Neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis and edema fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of fibrinous inflammation?

    <p>Fibrinous exudate in meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the localized collection of purulent inflammatory exudate or pus?

    <p>Abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of purulent inflammation with abscess formation?

    <p>Pyogenic bacteria like staphylococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the image that shows the epidermis separated from the dermis by a focal collection of serous effusion?

    <p>Low-power view of a cross-section of a skin blister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of cytokines produced in response to infectious agents or immunologic reactions?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the context of fever?

    <p>Stimulating the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acute phase proteins is synthesized in response to IL-6?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in inflammatory disorders?

    <p>Fibrinogen binds to erythrocytes, causing them to form stacks (rouleaux)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common feature of inflammatory reactions, especially those induced by bacterial infection?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is characterized by leukopenia?

    <p>Typhoid fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of decreased sweating in inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Actions of cytokines on brain cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical triad described as septic shock?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic disturbances, and hypotensive shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is involved in the pathogenesis of septic shock?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elevated plasma levels of C-Reactive protein (CRP) in the context of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Measuring the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Morphological Patterns of Acute Inflammation

    • Serous inflammation: characterized by outpouring of a thin fluid derived from plasma or mesothelial cells, leading to accumulation of fluid in serous cavities (e.g., skin blisters)
    • Fibrinous inflammation: characterized by deposition of fibrin in extracellular spaces, occurring in cases of more severe injuries with greater vascular permeability (e.g., fibrinous exudate in meninges, pericardium, and pleura)
    • Purulent inflammation: characterized by production of large amounts of pus (purulent exudate), consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid (e.g., caused by pyogenic bacteria like staphylococci)
    • Ulcer: a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue (e.g., mucosa of the mouth, stomach, intestines, genitourinary tract, skin, and subcutaneous tissues)

    Outcome of Acute Inflammation

    • Complete resolution, with regeneration of native cells and restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal
    • Abscess formation, particularly in infections with pyogenic organisms
    • Healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis) and scarring, occurring after substantial tissue destruction, when the inflammation occurs in tissues that do not regenerate or when there is abundant fibrin exudation
    • Progression to chronic inflammation

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Defined as inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks to years), characterized by continuing inflammation, tissue injury, and healing, often by fibrosis
    • Causes: persistent infection, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, hypersensitivity diseases, and chronic inflammation following acute inflammation
    • Morphologic features: infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), tissue destruction or necrosis, and attempts at healing (repair) by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue

    Cells in Chronic Inflammation

    • Macrophages: major drivers of inflammation in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases
    • Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes activate and develop into plasma cells, secreting antibodies; T lymphocytes secrete cytokines, promoting inflammation and influencing the nature of the inflammatory reaction
    • Eosinophils: abundant in immune reactions mediated by IgE and parasitic infections, recruited by eotaxin
    • Mast cells (basophils): participate in both acute and chronic inflammation, express surface receptors that bind to the Fc portion of IgE, and degranulate, releasing histamines

    Granulomatous Inflammation

    • A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation, characterized by granuloma formation
    • Granuloma: a collection of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm), usually surrounded by giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes
    • Formation of a granuloma effectively "walls off" the offending agent and is a useful defense mechanism
    • Causes: foreign body granulomas, immune granulomas, and granulomatous inflammation in response to poorly degradable antigens

    Systemic Effects of Inflammation

    • Acute phase reaction or systemic inflammatory response syndrome
    • Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) are the most important mediators of the acute phase reaction
    • Clinical and pathologic changes:
      • Fever (elevation of body temperature)
      • Elevated plasma levels of acute-phase proteins (CRP, fibrinogen, and SAA protein)
      • Leukocytosis (elevation of total white blood cell count)
      • Leukopenia (decrease in total white blood cell count)
      • Other manifestations (increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased sweating, rigors, chills, anorexia, somnolence, and malaise)
      • Septic shock (in severe bacterial infections)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about the morphological patterns of acute and chronic inflammation, including serous, fibrinous, and purulent inflammation, and their systemic effects.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser