Immune evasion

<p>By inhibiting cell signalling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviour changing for transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study immune system evasion mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic shunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By upregulating cell signalling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hijack the cell and reproduce within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mimic cytokines or cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By shutting off replication and lying low in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cloak the bacteria and prevent phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equine viral arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virokines/viroceptors are proteins produced by viruses that mimic cytokines or cell receptors. They act as decoys to divert the immune response and prevent detection of the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial capsules cloak the surface of bacteria, preventing the immune response from recognizing and phagocytosing the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral latency is when viruses shut off replication and remain dormant in tissues. By not producing many proteins that are recognized by the immune response, they can evade detection. They reactivate and continue replication during times of stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a pathogen that can hide in immuno privileged tissues is Equine viral arteritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic drift is the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations in the RNA genome of influenza viruses. This leads to changes in the antigenicity of the virus, allowing it to evade the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogens with an RNA genome accumulate mistakes during replication cycles due to the lack of correction mechanisms for RNA. These mistakes can lead to antigenic variation and immune evasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic drift is the accumulation of multiple RNA changes in surface proteins of influenza viruses. It leads to the viruses looking very different, which contributes to their variance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic shunt refers to the mixing and reassortment of two different and distinct viruses that infect the same cell at the same time. This can result in a virus that is a combination of both viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some infectious pathogens prevent apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death, by inhibiting or upregulating cell signaling pathways. This helps the pathogens survive and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic variation refers to the ability of pathogens to change their surface antigens, making them difficult to be recognized by the immune system. This is important for vaccines because they need to target the right variant of the pathogen to be effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers