28 Questions
Which term refers to the accumulation of multiple RNA changes in surface proteins of a virus?
Antigenic drift
What happens when two different and distinct viruses infect the same cell at the same time?
They combine to form a new virus
What is the term used to describe a virus that is a combination of two different viruses?
Antigenic shift
How do infectious pathogens prevent apoptosis?
By inhibiting cell signalling pathways
What is the main goal of infectious pathogens when infecting immune cells?
All of the above
What is the term used to describe when viruses or parasites change the behavior of the host to increase transmission?
Behaviour changing for transmission
Why is it important to understand how different pathogens cause disease according to their effect on proinflammatory cytokine response?
To study immune system evasion mechanisms
What is the term used to describe the large antigenicity changes in influenza viruses?
Antigenic shunt
How do some viruses stimulate cytokine production to further spread the virus?
By upregulating cell signalling pathways
Which mechanism is not used by bacteria use to evade the immune system?
Hijack the cell and reproduce within the cell
What is the function of virokines/viroceptors?
To mimic cytokines or cell receptors
Which type of pathogens can hide in immuno privileged tissues?
Viruses
How do herpesviruses evade the immune system?
By shutting off replication and lying low in tissues
What is the term used for the antigenic variation in influenza viruses?
Antigenic drift
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by pathogens to evade the immune system?
Stimulating immune cells
What is the function of bacterial capsules in immune evasion?
To cloak the bacteria and prevent phagocytosis
Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that can hide in immuno privileged tissues?
Equine viral arteritis
What is the term used for the accumulation of mistakes in the RNA genome of viruses?
Antigenic drift
What are virokines/viroceptors and how do they help pathogens evade the immune system?
Virokines/viroceptors are proteins produced by viruses that mimic cytokines or cell receptors. They act as decoys to divert the immune response and prevent detection of the virus.
How do bacterial capsules contribute to immune evasion?
Bacterial capsules cloak the surface of bacteria, preventing the immune response from recognizing and phagocytosing the bacteria.
What is viral latency and how does it allow pathogens to evade the immune system?
Viral latency is when viruses shut off replication and remain dormant in tissues. By not producing many proteins that are recognized by the immune response, they can evade detection. They reactivate and continue replication during times of stress.
Give an example of a pathogen that can hide in immuno privileged tissues.
An example of a pathogen that can hide in immuno privileged tissues is Equine viral arteritis.
What is antigenic drift and how does it relate to influenza viruses?
Antigenic drift is the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations in the RNA genome of influenza viruses. This leads to changes in the antigenicity of the virus, allowing it to evade the immune response.
How do pathogens with an RNA genome accumulate mistakes?
Pathogens with an RNA genome accumulate mistakes during replication cycles due to the lack of correction mechanisms for RNA. These mistakes can lead to antigenic variation and immune evasion.
What is antigenic drift and how does it contribute to the variance of influenza viruses?
Antigenic drift is the accumulation of multiple RNA changes in surface proteins of influenza viruses. It leads to the viruses looking very different, which contributes to their variance.
What is antigenic shift and how does it occur in influenza viruses?
Antigenic shunt refers to the mixing and reassortment of two different and distinct viruses that infect the same cell at the same time. This can result in a virus that is a combination of both viruses.
How do infectious pathogens prevent apoptosis and promote their own survival?
Some infectious pathogens prevent apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death, by inhibiting or upregulating cell signaling pathways. This helps the pathogens survive and spread.
What is antigenic variation and why is it important for vaccines?
Antigenic variation refers to the ability of pathogens to change their surface antigens, making them difficult to be recognized by the immune system. This is important for vaccines because they need to target the right variant of the pathogen to be effective.
Test your knowledge on immune evasion mechanisms used by pathogens! This quiz covers topics such as secreted modulators, antigenic hypervariability, immune cell subversion, and more. Challenge yourself and learn about how viruses and bacteria evade our immune system's defenses.
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