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Questions and Answers
What are the subunits that comprise 70S ribosomes?
What are the subunits that comprise 70S ribosomes?
Which taxonomic rank is commonly used and usually just the genus and species?
Which taxonomic rank is commonly used and usually just the genus and species?
What is used to determine the closeness of relationship between various bacteria at the molecular level?
What is used to determine the closeness of relationship between various bacteria at the molecular level?
Which shape is not among the cell shapes that occur among unicellular true bacteria?
Which shape is not among the cell shapes that occur among unicellular true bacteria?
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What is a frequent drug target in bacteria?
What is a frequent drug target in bacteria?
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How do bacterial toxins inhibit host cells?
How do bacterial toxins inhibit host cells?
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What is the clinical feature associated with Vibrio cholerae infection?
What is the clinical feature associated with Vibrio cholerae infection?
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Which pathogen causes the disease characterized by severe watery diarrhea?
Which pathogen causes the disease characterized by severe watery diarrhea?
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What is the primary treatment for Vibrio cholerae infection?
What is the primary treatment for Vibrio cholerae infection?
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What is the motility characteristic of Vibrio cholerae?
What is the motility characteristic of Vibrio cholerae?
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What is the primary purpose of evading host defenses for pathogenic microorganisms?
What is the primary purpose of evading host defenses for pathogenic microorganisms?
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Which bacterial species exhibits specificity (tropism) for tooth surfaces?
Which bacterial species exhibits specificity (tropism) for tooth surfaces?
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What determines the tissue specificity (tropism) of bacterial attachment to host cells?
What determines the tissue specificity (tropism) of bacterial attachment to host cells?
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Which portal of entry is commonly associated with pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by insect vectors?
Which portal of entry is commonly associated with pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by insect vectors?
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What is the main purpose of shedding from the body for pathogenic microorganisms?
What is the main purpose of shedding from the body for pathogenic microorganisms?
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What is the main function of bacterial capsules?
What is the main function of bacterial capsules?
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What is the composition of the capsule of Bacillus anthracis?
What is the composition of the capsule of Bacillus anthracis?
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Why do bacteria form biofilms?
Why do bacteria form biofilms?
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What is the effect of molecular mimicry as an immune evasion strategy?
What is the effect of molecular mimicry as an immune evasion strategy?
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How do changes in DNA sequence lead to antigenic variation?
How do changes in DNA sequence lead to antigenic variation?
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What is the term for directional motility mediated by the flagellum?
What is the term for directional motility mediated by the flagellum?
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Which bacterial motility occurs via retraction and extension of the pilus?
Which bacterial motility occurs via retraction and extension of the pilus?
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Which bacteria are examples of those that exhibit flagella-independent motility?
Which bacteria are examples of those that exhibit flagella-independent motility?
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What is the term for localized production of enzymes such as toxins, proteases, and DNases by bacteria?
What is the term for localized production of enzymes such as toxins, proteases, and DNases by bacteria?
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What is the term for the form of solid surface translocation exhibited by bacteria?
What is the term for the form of solid surface translocation exhibited by bacteria?
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What is the mechanism of antigenic variation for N.gonorrhoeae pilin?
What is the mechanism of antigenic variation for N.gonorrhoeae pilin?
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What is the function of the variable region pilS in N.gonorrhoeae?
What is the function of the variable region pilS in N.gonorrhoeae?
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Which immune evasion strategy is utilized by many bacteria to avoid detection?
Which immune evasion strategy is utilized by many bacteria to avoid detection?
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What is the role of molecular mimicry in bacteria?
What is the role of molecular mimicry in bacteria?
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Which molecule is commonly found on the surface of Neisseria and Haemophilus, contributing to their molecular mimicry?
Which molecule is commonly found on the surface of Neisseria and Haemophilus, contributing to their molecular mimicry?
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What is the size range of bacteria?
What is the size range of bacteria?
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Which of the following is true about the genetic organization of bacteria?
Which of the following is true about the genetic organization of bacteria?
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What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
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Which component is most commonly found in the cell wall of bacteria?
Which component is most commonly found in the cell wall of bacteria?
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What is the typical morphology of E.coli?
What is the typical morphology of E.coli?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?
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What is the primary genetic material in bacteria?
What is the primary genetic material in bacteria?
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In bacterial cells, what is the structure where the DNA is located?
In bacterial cells, what is the structure where the DNA is located?
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What is the size range of E.coli?
What is the size range of E.coli?
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Study Notes
Ribosomes
- 70S ribosomes comprise of 50S large subunit and 30S small subunit.
Taxonomic Rank
- Genus and species are commonly used taxonomic ranks.
Molecular Relationship
- DNA-DNA hybridization is used to determine the closeness of relationship between various bacteria at the molecular level.
Cell Shapes
- Helical shape is not among the cell shapes that occur among unicellular true bacteria.
Drug Targets
- Bacterial cell walls are frequent drug targets.
Bacterial Toxins
- Bacterial toxins inhibit host cells by ADP-ribosylation, proteolysis, or pore formation.
Vibrio cholerae
- Clinical feature associated with Vibrio cholerae infection is profuse, watery diarrhea.
- Vibrio cholerae causes cholera disease.
- Primary treatment for Vibrio cholerae infection is fluid replacement.
- Vibrio cholerae exhibits polar flagella motility.
Pathogenic Microorganisms
- Primary purpose of evading host defenses for pathogenic microorganisms is to establish infection.
- Streptococcus mutans exhibits specificity (tropism) for tooth surfaces.
Bacterial Attachment
- Adhesins determine the tissue specificity (tropism) of bacterial attachment to host cells.
Portal of Entry
- Skin is commonly associated with pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by insect vectors.
Shedding
- Main purpose of shedding from the body for pathogenic microorganisms is to spread infection.
Bacterial Capsules
- Main function of bacterial capsules is to protect against phagocytosis and desiccation.
- Capsule of Bacillus anthracis is composed of D-glutamic acid.
Biofilms
- Bacteria form biofilms to protect against environmental stresses and host defenses.
Immune Evasion Strategies
- Molecular mimicry is an immune evasion strategy used by bacteria to evade host defenses.
- Effect of molecular mimicry is to evade immune recognition.
- Changes in DNA sequence lead to antigenic variation by altering the amino acid sequence of surface antigens.
Motility
- Taxis is the term for directional motility mediated by the flagellum.
- Twitching motility occurs via retraction and extension of the pilus.
- Examples of bacteria that exhibit flagella-independent motility include Mycoplasma and Synechocystis.
- Gliding motility is the term for the form of solid surface translocation exhibited by bacteria.
N. gonorrhoeae
- Mechanism of antigenic variation for N. gonorrhoeae pilin is through gene conversion and point mutations.
- Variable region pilS in N. gonorrhoeae is required for pilus assembly and function.
Immune Evasion
- Many bacteria utilize antigenic variation as an immune evasion strategy to avoid detection.
- Role of molecular mimicry in bacteria is to evade immune recognition by mimicking host molecules.
- Sialic acid is commonly found on the surface of Neisseria and Haemophilus, contributing to their molecular mimicry.
Bacteria Characteristics
- Size range of bacteria is 0.5-5.0 μm.
- Genetic organization of bacteria is typically circular and single-chromosomal.
- Function of plasmids in bacteria is to provide additional genetic information.
- Peptidoglycan is the most commonly found component in the cell wall of bacteria.
- Typical morphology of E. coli is rod-shaped.
- Prokaryotic organisms lack membrane-bound organelles.
- Primary genetic material in bacteria is double-stranded DNA.
- Structure where the DNA is located in bacterial cells is the nucleoid.
- Size range of E. coli is 2-3 μm.
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Description
Test your knowledge of immune evasion strategies employed by pathogens. Learn about how pathogens use tactics such as hiding in capsules, forming biofilms, antigenic variation, and molecular mimicry to evade the host immune system.
