Pathogens and Disease Transmission Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Pathogens can only be transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual.

False (B)

Which of the following is NOT a mechanical barrier in the body's first line of defense?

  • Hairs in the nose
  • Stomach acid (correct)
  • Tears
  • Skin

    • The process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens is called ______.

    phagocytosis

    What is the role of antigens in the immune response?

    <p>Antigens are specific proteins on the surface of pathogens that are recognized by the immune system. They trigger the production of antibodies, which bind to them and neutralize the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Active immunity = Immunity gained through direct exposure to a pathogen or vaccination Antibody = A protein produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize specific antigens Antigen = A specific protein found on the surface of a pathogen Phagocytosis = The process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing the spread of disease?

    <p>Increased antibiotic use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination provides passive immunity by introducing antibodies into the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory cells contribute to long-term immunity?

    <p>Memory cells are lymphocytes that have encountered a specific pathogen before. They remain in the body and can rapidly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, providing a quicker and stronger immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of cross-pollination compared to self-pollination?

    <p>Cross-pollination leads to more genetic diversity, making the species more adaptable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers typically have bright, scented petals to attract insects.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tube that carries pollen grains from the anther to the ovule?

    <p>Pollen tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of a sperm cell fusing with an egg cell is called ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Anther = Produces pollen grains Stigma = Receives pollen grains Ovary = Contains the ovules Ovule = Where fertilization occurs and develops into a seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect seed germination?

    <p>Sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone produced in the testes that is responsible for male sexual development?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scrotum contains the ovaries where egg cells are produced.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ transports the egg cell from the ovary to the uterus.

    <p>oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the cervix?

    <p>Produces egg cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the flagellum in a sperm cell?

    <p>The flagellum propels the sperm towards the egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Egg cells are able to move themselves independently towards the sperm.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acrosome of a sperm cell contains ______ which help break down the egg cell wall.

    <p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sperm and egg cells in terms of number produced?

    <p>Millions of sperm are produced daily, while only one egg is released every month. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ball of cells that is implanted into the wall of the uterus?

    <p>Embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexually transmitted infections can only be spread through sexual intercourse.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is a virus that attacks and weakens the ______, which are crucial for fighting off infections.

    <p>lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies produced in the immune response?

    <p>Attack and neutralize pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity, gained through breastfeeding, provides long-term protection against diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity and how does it work?

    <p>Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population is immune to a specific disease, often through vaccination. This protects those who are unable to be vaccinated, as the disease has difficulty spreading due to the reduced number of susceptible individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotic drugs are used to treat ______ infections.

    <p>bacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?

    <p>High genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are genetically identical to their parents.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of pollination in plants.

    <p>Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or another flower. This can occur through wind, insects, or other pollinators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their respective descriptions:

    <p>Antibiotics = Drugs that target bacterial infections Passive immunity = Short-term immunity gained from antibodies received from another source Asexual reproduction = Reproduction involving only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring Herd immunity = Protection of a population through widespread immunity against a disease Sexual reproduction = Reproduction involving two parents, producing genetically diverse offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

    <p>They destroy the cell wall (A), They inhibit protein synthesis (B), They block DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual reproduction can lead to overpopulation in a habitat.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction in terms of evolution?

    <p>Sexual reproduction produces offspring with a wide range of genetic variations, allowing for greater adaptability and survival in the face of changing environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of two gametes during sexual reproduction is called ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotic resistance can develop due to mutations in bacterial genes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

    <p>We can slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by using antibiotics only for serious infections, completing full courses of antibiotics, and promoting research and development of new antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers have a ______ stigma that extends outside the plant.

    <p>feathery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pathogen

    An organism that causes disease, such as bacteria or viruses.

    Host

    An organism that harbors a pathogen.

    Transmissible diseases

    Diseases that can be passed from one host to another.

    Direct contact transmission

    Pathogen transfer via blood and body fluids between hosts.

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    Indirect transmission

    Pathogen transfer from surfaces, food, animals, or air.

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    Active immunity

    Defense against pathogens by producing antibodies in the body.

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    Memory cells

    Lymphocytes that remain in the body for long-term immunity after infection.

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    Vaccination process

    Introducing a dead or weakened pathogen to stimulate an immune response.

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    Antigens

    Substances that trigger an immune response in lymphocytes.

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    Herd Immunity

    Immunity that occurs when a large portion of a population is vaccinated.

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    Passive Immunity

    Short-term immunity gained from antibodies acquired from another individual.

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    Antibiotics

    Drugs used to treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria or inhibiting growth.

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    Antibiotic Resistance

    When bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatment.

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    Asexual Reproduction

    A reproduction process involving one parent producing genetically identical offspring.

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    Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

    Quick reproduction, less energy, only one parent needed.

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    Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

    Lack of diversity, prone to extinction, cannot adapt.

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    Sexual Reproduction

    Involves two parents creating genetically different offspring through fertilization.

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    Gametes

    Haploid cells (egg and sperm) involved in sexual reproduction.

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    Pollination

    Transfer of pollen from anthers to stigmas in plants.

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    Cross-Pollination

    Transfer of pollen between different plants of the same species.

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    Zygote

    A fertilized egg that results from the fusion of gametes.

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    Diploid Cells

    Cells that have two complete sets of chromosomes.

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    Self-pollination

    The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma within the same flower or plant.

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    Fertilisation in plants

    The process where a pollen nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus to form a zygote.

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    Factors affecting seed germination

    Essential conditions such as water, oxygen, and temperature needed for seeds to sprout.

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    Insect-pollinated flowers

    Flowers with bright petals and nectar to attract insects for pollination.

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    Wind-pollinated flowers

    Flowers with dull petals and no nectar, relying on wind for pollen dispersal.

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    Male reproductive system

    Organs involved in sperm production including testes, scrotum, prostate, and urethra.

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    Female reproductive system

    Organs involved in egg production, including ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina.

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    Sperm cells

    Male gametes produced in large numbers, capable of motility via flagellum.

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    Egg cells

    Female gametes that are much larger and immobile, transported by cilia.

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    HIV

    Human immunodeficiency virus that attacks lymphocytes, reducing immunity.

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    STIs

    Sexually transmitted infections spread through bodily fluids during intercourse.

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    Nutritional fluids in semen

    Fluids secreted by the prostate that nourish sperm.

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    Cervix

    Muscular tissue separating vagina and uterus, holding the baby during pregnancy.

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    Study Notes

    Pathogens and Disease Transmission

    • Pathogens are organisms causing diseases, including bacteria and viruses.
    • Hosts are organisms harboring these pathogens.
    • Transmissible diseases are those spread from host to host.
    • Transmission methods include direct contact (blood, body fluids) and indirect contact (contaminated surfaces, food, animals, air).
    • Disease prevention requires hygienic food preparation, waste treatment, clean water, and good personal hygiene.

    Body's Defenses Against Infection

    • The first line of defense prevents pathogen entry:
      • Mechanical barriers: nose hairs, skin.
      • Chemical barriers: mucus, stomach acid, tears.
    • Upon infection, an immune response kills pathogens:
      • Phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens).
      • Antibody production by white blood cells (lymphocytes).

    Antibodies and Antigens

    • White blood cells detect pathogens and trigger an immune response.
    • Each pathogen has unique antigen proteins on its surface.
    • Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies that bind to antigens, forming antibody-antigen complexes.
    • Antibodies have shapes complementary to specific antigens, thus tailored to each pathogen.
    • The antibody-antigen complex clumps the pathogens, making them harmless and enabling phagocyte destruction.

    Active Immunity

    • Active immunity is antibody production in response to a pathogen.
    • It can be acquired through infection or vaccination.
    • Memory lymphocytes remain after pathogen destruction.
    • Memory cells recognize repeated pathogens, leading to faster antibody production.
    • Memory cells provide long-term immunity.

    Vaccination

    • Vaccination introduces a dead or weakened pathogen or antigen.
    • Antigens trigger lymphocyte immune response and antibody production.
    • Memory cells are generated, resulting in long-term immunity.
    • Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, protecting the unvaccinated.

    Passive Immunity

    • Passive immunity is short-term, gained from acquiring antibodies.
    • Breastfeeding passes antibodies from mother to baby.
    • Antibodies can also be injected from donors or from a pregnant mother to the baby through the placenta.
    • Passive immunity lacks memory cells and is therefore short-term.

    Antibiotics

    • Antibiotic drugs treat bacterial infections.
    • Some antibiotics destroy bacterial cell walls, others inhibit bacterial growth.
    • Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics due to their different structure and reproduction mechanism.
    • Antibiotic resistance arises via natural selection.
    • Resistance occurs when a mutation confers antibiotic resistance.
    • Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, leading to resistant bacterial infections (e.g., MRSA)
    • To curb this, use antibiotics only for serious infections, and complete the full course.

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (clones).
    • One parent is required.
    • This method is common in plants and some animals (e.g., starfish).
    • Advantages include quick reproduction, minimal energy, and adaptability to specific environments.
    • Disadvantages include lack of diversity and susceptibility to pathogens and environmental change.
    • Overpopulation, resulting in overcrowding, is also a possible outcome.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction requires two parents.
    • Gametes (sperm and egg) fuse, forming a zygote with unique genetic makeup.
    • Diploid cells have a full set of chromosomes; Haploid cells have half.
    • Advantages include genetic diversity, promoting survival and adaptability.
    • Disadvantages include requiring two parents, slower reproduction, and higher energy demands.

    Sexual Reproduction in Plants

    • Pollination (transfer of pollen from anther to stigma) is key for sexual reproduction.
    • Cross-pollination (different plants) and self-pollination (same plant) are both forms of sexual reproduction.
    • Cross-pollination results in more genetic diversity, thus more resilience to pathogens.
    • Self-pollination requires less energy as pollinators are not needed.

    Structural Adaptations of Flowers

    • Insect-pollinated flowers have large, bright, scented petals and sticky stigmas to attract insects.
    • Wind-pollinated flowers have small, dull petals and feathery stigmas for wind dispersal of pollen.

    Plant Fertilization

    • Pollen lands on the stigma.
    • A pollen tube grows.
    • Pollen travels through the pollen tube to the ovule.
    • Fusion of pollen and ovule nuclei forms zygote, which develops into an embryo.

    Seed Germination Factors

    • Water is needed for seed swelling and embryo growth.
    • Oxygen is required for respiration, producing energy for growth.
    • Temperature impacts enzyme activity in the seed and affects germination.

    Male Reproductive System

    • Testes produce sperm and testosterone.
    • Scrotum holds the testes.
    • Sperm ducts carry sperm to the urethra.
    • Prostate gland produces semen.
    • Urethra carries urine and semen.
    • Penis delivers semen.

    Female Reproductive System

    • Ovaries produce egg cells.
    • Oviducts transport egg cells toward the uterus.
    • Uterus is where the fetus develops.
    • Cervix separates the vagina from the uterus.
    • Vagina receives sperm during intercourse.

    Fertilization

    • Sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) fuse nuclei.
    • Sperm have tails (flagella) for movement and mitochondria for energy.
    • Eggs are large and immobile.
    • Enzymes in sperm's acrosome help penetrate the egg's protective coat.
    • Fertilization ensures a single sperm enters.
    • Zygote development (mitosis) starts from a single-celled zygote to become a multi-cellular embryo.

    Comparing Gametes

    • Sperm are small and mobile (flagellum).
    • Eggs are large and immobile.

    Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

    • STIs are infections transmitted through bodily fluids during sexual contact.
    • Spreading can be controlled by safe sexual practices (e.g., abstinence, protection with condoms).

    HIV

    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an STI.
    • Transmitted via blood and semen.
    • HIV infects and replicates within lymphocytes (white blood cells)
    • This reduces the number of functioning lymphocytes.
    • Reduces the body's ability to fight disease effectively.
    • HIV leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on pathogens, their transmission, and the body's defense mechanisms against diseases. This quiz covers the roles of hosts, methods of transmission, and immune responses such as phagocytosis and antibody production. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.

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