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What is the main function of potassium in the body?
Hypokalemia is characterized by 'low & slow' manifestations.
True
What are some causes of Hyponatremia?
too much water or not enough Na
Magnesium imbalance can lead to increased neuromuscular activity and ___________ reflexes.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?
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What is the pathophysiology of angina?
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What are modifiable factors that increase the risk for atherosclerosis? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
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A patient with a left below the knee amputation is complaining of pain to the left foot. What type of pain is this patient experiencing?
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Which of the following is true about older adults?
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Poor perfusion can lead to kidney failure / injury.
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The Glasgow coma scale is a tool used to measure cardiac function.
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Which of the following dysrhythmias listed below are bradycardic rhythms?
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Which lab tests are helpful in evaluating the etiology of hypertension in a newly diagnosed client? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
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After obtaining an ECG on a client, you notice ST depression, inverted T wave, and a prominent u wave. What do you expect?
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Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?
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Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
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What are the causes of Acute Renal Failure?
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Which of the following organs are affected by uncontrolled hypertension?
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A nurse is educating clients on preventing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). What should the nurse include?
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Study Notes
Fluid Imbalances
- Potassium imbalance (3.5-5.0):
- Function: heart and muscle contraction
- Hypokalemia (low potassium): causes include vomiting, NG suctioning, wound drainage, malnutrition, and diuretics; manifestations include "low and slow" symptoms such as diarrhea, decreased motility, constipation, paralytic ileus, weakness, muscle twitching, and muscle cramping
- Hyperkalemia (high potassium): causes include adrenal and kidney disease, respiratory acidosis, and Cushing's; manifestations include "tight and contracted" symptoms such as tall peaked T waves, abdominal cramping, and vomiting
- Sodium imbalance (135-145):
- Function: blood pressure, blood volume, conduction of nerve impulse, and muscle contraction
- Hyponatremia (low sodium): causes include too much water or not enough sodium, vomiting, NG tube suctioning, diarrhea, edema, and diuretics; manifestations include "depressed and deflated" symptoms such as hypotension, weak thready pulses, edema, abdominal cramping, nausea, and vomiting
- Hypernatremia (high sodium): causes include not enough water or too much sodium, heat stroke, excessive sodium intake, kidney failure, and Cushing's; manifestations include "big and bloated" symptoms such as thirst, hypertension, and neuro changes
- Magnesium imbalance (1.5-2.5):
- Function: helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function
- Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium): causes include diarrhea, NG suctioning, excessive laxatives, chronic alcoholism, DKA, and diuretics; manifestations include "buck wild" symptoms such as increased neuromuscular activity, shallow respirations, tremors, and lethargy
- Hypermagnesemia (high magnesium): causes include kidney failure, meds with magnesium, and antacid use; manifestations include "calm and quiet" symptoms such as decreased neuromuscular excitability, decreased reflexes, and muscle paralysis
- Calcium imbalance (9-11):
- Function: for muscles to move and for nerves to carry messages between the brain and body
- Hypocalcemia (low calcium): causes include diarrhea, excessive laxatives, rapid blood transfusion, thyroidectomy, and hyperphosphatemia; manifestations include increased neuromuscular excitability, weak heart, decreased neuromuscular excitability, hyperactive bowel sounds, and kidney stones
- Hypercalcemia (high calcium): causes include thiazide diuretics, excessive antacid use, hypophosphatemia, and bone cancer; manifestations include "slow, moans, groans, and stones" symptoms such as strong heart, decreased neuromuscular excitability, and kidney stones
Acid-Base Imbalances
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- PaCO2: 35-45
- HCO3: 22-26
- Alkalosis: pH > 7.45
- Acidosis: pH < 7.35
Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis: PaCO2 > 45
- Respiratory alkalosis: PaCO2 < 35
- Metabolic acidosis: HCO3 < 22
- Metabolic alkalosis: HCO3 > 26
GI Manifestations
- Anorexia: loss of appetite
- Nausea: subjective
- Vomiting: forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach or intestine
- Diarrhea: excessive frequency of stools (loose or watery)
- Constipation: less than normal bowel movements
- Steatorrhea: fatty stools
- Frank blood, occult blood, melena: types of stools
- Bowel obstruction: manifestations include abdominal distention, vomiting, and risk factors such as immobility, surgery, older adults, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease
Elimination
- Kidneys: responsible for removing waste
- Types of incontinence: oliguria, anuria, pyuria, hematuria, and glycosuria
- UTI: manifestations include burning upon urination, cloudy and foul-smelling urine, and risk factors such as women, poor hygiene, and older adults
- Glomerulonephritis: manifestations include coffee-colored urine, flank or back pain, oliguria, and fatigue
- Urolithiasis: manifestations include intense spasms of pain, vomiting, and risk factors such as diet and diminished fluid intake
Pathophysiology
- Acute renal failure (ARF): reversible, causes include ischemia, inflammation, and nephrotoxins
- Chronic renal failure (CRF): gradual and irreversible, causes include diabetes, hypertension, and nephrotoxins
- Cognition: determined by cerebral cortex and RAS
- Altered level of consciousness (LOC): causes include stroke, brain injury, infection, hypoxia, toxic drug levels, and hypoglycemia
- Brain death: criteria include cessation of brain function, absence of spontaneous respiration, and absence of brain stem reflexes
Neurology
- Neuropathy: damage to peripheral nerves affecting sensation, pain, pressure, and temperature; causes include diabetes, trauma, and peripheral vascular disease
- Dementia: progressive chronic disease, impairing cognitive skills, judgment, and motor coordination; causes include vascular disease, infections, toxins, and genetic disorders
- Seizures: random electrical activity in the brain; causes include epilepsy, and risk factors such as age, genetics, and certain medical conditions
Pain
- Types of pain: somatic, visceral, ischemic, neuropathic, and referred
- PQRST: pain assessment tool
Substance Abuse
- Chronic pattern of substance use: impaired health, causes include trauma, stress, and socio-economic status
- Types of substances: stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids
- Complications: acute overdose, injury, organ failure, infections
Perfusion
- Flow of blood in the microcirculation to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Risk factors: age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, genetics, atherosclerosis, and diabetes
- Complications: ischemia, infarction, and organ failure
Ischemia vs Infarction
- Ischemia: cell hypoxia and inflammation due to lack of blood flow
- Infarction: cell death due to lack of blood flow
CAD
- Narrowing of coronary arteries: poor perfusion
- Risk factors: age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, genetics, atherosclerosis, and diabetes
- Complications: MI, cardiac arrest, and heart failure
Angina vs MI
- Angina: ischemia (partial blockage)
- MI: infarction (total blockage)
DVT
- Blood clot formation in the leg: causes include immobility, hip or knee surgery, traveling, OC use, and postpartum period
- Complications: pulmonary embolism
HTN
- Increased blood pressure: causes include age, genetics, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive sodium
- Complications: atheroma formations, aneurysm, stroke, CHF, and chronic renal failure
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
- Electrical problem in the heart: causes include atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy
- Types of dysrhythmias: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, sinus tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation
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Description
This quiz covers fluid imbalances, specifically potassium imbalance, its causes, manifestations, and effects on the body.
