Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the effect of parent-child relationships on children's motivation?
What is the effect of parent-child relationships on children's motivation?
- They only affect children's social skills.
- They negatively affect children's motivation.
- They have no impact on motivation.
- They influence children's mastery motivation. (correct)
What does path analysis aim to provide more evidence for, compared to mere correlation?
What does path analysis aim to provide more evidence for, compared to mere correlation?
- Stronger experimental data.
- Other correlated relationships.
- Possibility of reverse causation.
- Evidence of causation. (correct)
What is a primary weakness of path analysis models?
What is a primary weakness of path analysis models?
- They rely on nonexperimental data. (correct)
- They are too complicated for researchers.
- They limit the study to only two variables.
- They are based on experimental data.
What is indicated by path coefficients closer to +1.00 or -1.00 in path analysis?
What is indicated by path coefficients closer to +1.00 or -1.00 in path analysis?
For the strongest evidence of causation, what should researchers conduct if feasible?
For the strongest evidence of causation, what should researchers conduct if feasible?
What is hypothesized to impact parenting beliefs in the model?
What is hypothesized to impact parenting beliefs in the model?
Which variable is thought to be impacted by the parent–child relationship?
Which variable is thought to be impacted by the parent–child relationship?
How does the model illustrate the relationship between different variables?
How does the model illustrate the relationship between different variables?
What is the final outcome hypothesized in the model after children's mastery motivation?
What is the final outcome hypothesized in the model after children's mastery motivation?
What term is used to describe the indirect effects in the path model?
What term is used to describe the indirect effects in the path model?
Which of the following is NOT considered a parenting characteristic in the model?
Which of the following is NOT considered a parenting characteristic in the model?
What role do parenting beliefs play in the path model?
What role do parenting beliefs play in the path model?
Which characteristic is linked to a parent's influence on their child's motivation?
Which characteristic is linked to a parent's influence on their child's motivation?
What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
What is a significant limitation of correlational research?
What is a significant limitation of correlational research?
Which dependent variable was mentioned as being used in prediction studies?
Which dependent variable was mentioned as being used in prediction studies?
In correlational studies, what do researchers measure?
In correlational studies, what do researchers measure?
How can multiple variables enhance correlational research?
How can multiple variables enhance correlational research?
What does a reliable relationship between two variables allow researchers to do?
What does a reliable relationship between two variables allow researchers to do?
Why are correlational studies considered nonexperimental?
Why are correlational studies considered nonexperimental?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of correlational studies?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of correlational studies?
What type of documents include letters, diaries, and family pictures?
What type of documents include letters, diaries, and family pictures?
Which data type might include the contents of one’s trash or wear on library books?
Which data type might include the contents of one’s trash or wear on library books?
What is the primary purpose of archived research data?
What is the primary purpose of archived research data?
Which institution houses the largest repository of archived quantitative data?
Which institution houses the largest repository of archived quantitative data?
What is a key strength of using documents and physical data?
What is a key strength of using documents and physical data?
What type of documents includes newspapers and meeting minutes?
What type of documents includes newspapers and meeting minutes?
Which of the following is not typically a type of archived research data?
Which of the following is not typically a type of archived research data?
What can be a weakness of existing or secondary data?
What can be a weakness of existing or secondary data?
What characterizes a cross-sectional study?
What characterizes a cross-sectional study?
Which is true about longitudinal studies?
Which is true about longitudinal studies?
What is a primary independent variable in the context of these studies?
What is a primary independent variable in the context of these studies?
How is age treated in developmental studies?
How is age treated in developmental studies?
What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
Which of the following describes cross-sectional studies?
Which of the following describes cross-sectional studies?
In longitudinal studies, what type of data collection is emphasized?
In longitudinal studies, what type of data collection is emphasized?
Which of the following is true regarding the design of cross-sectional studies?
Which of the following is true regarding the design of cross-sectional studies?
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Study Notes
Path Models and Their Strengths and Weaknesses
- Path models are theoretical constructs researchers use to explain relationships between variables.
- Researchers create a theoretical model based on relationships between variables.
- They then empirically test the model using quantitative data.
- Path models provide more evidence for causation than simple correlation.
- Primary Weakness: Path models are often based on nonexperimental data, limiting conclusive evidence.
- When interpreting the results of path models, researchers should consider the possibility of other variables influencing the relationship.
Correlational Research
- Correlational research is used to study relationships between variables.
- Researchers measure variables in their natural environment to see if they are related.
- It is effective for description and prediction.
- If two variables are reliably related, researchers can predict the value of one variable based on the value of the other.
- Primary Weakness: Correlation does not equal causation. Simply because variables are related does not mean one causes the other.
Cross-Sectional Studies
- Collect data from a group of participants at a single time period.
- Often used in developmental psychology to study changes in individuals at different ages.
- Can be experimental or nonexperimental studies.
- Primary Weakness: Cannot establish cause and effect relationships definitively.
Longitudinal Studies
- Involve repeated measurements of the same group of participants over time.
- Used to identify changes in characteristics or relationships between variables over time.
- Primary Weakness - Time-consuming and expensive.
- Can suffer from participant attrition, which can bias the results.
Existing/Secondary Data
- Includes documents, physical data, and archived research data.
- Categories of documents:     - Personal documents: Letters, diaries, personal pictures     - Official documents: Newspapers, annual reports, meeting minutes
- Physical data: Physical objects that provide information about a phenomenon (trash, evidence of wear and tear on items, clothing - soil, DNA)
- Archived research data: Data collected by other researchers for different purposes.
- Strengths: Provides insight into what people think and do; unobtrusive, minimizing reactive effects.
- Weaknesses: May be difficult to interpret due to lack of information about original data collection methods; May not be relevant to current research questions.
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