PASC

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What is the primary outcome (PASC) defined as in this study?

The presence of 1 or more symptoms at a visit occurring >90 days from initial COVID-19 symptom onset.

How many participants were included in the analysis cohort?

121

What statistical analysis method was used to compare the groups with and without PASC?

Nonparametric analyses

What software was used for the statistical analysis?

Stata version 16.1 and Prism version 9.1.2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2?

PASC Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for PASC?

more severe acute infection, advanced age, female sex, and socioeconomic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines have been identified as key factors in the immune response during acute COVID-19?

IL-6 and TNF-α Signup and view all the answers

What are IL-6 and TNF-α responsible for in the immune response?

leukocyte recruitment, activation, and differentiation, B-cell maturation, and expansion of T-helper cell subsets Signup and view all the answers

What medical comorbidities were present in more than 10% of the cohort?

lung problems, diabetes, and obesity Signup and view all the answers

How many participants had a history of an autoimmune disorder?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What autoimmune disorders were included in the history?

autoimmune thyroid disease (n = 4), gastrointestinal disease (n = 2), multiple sclerosis (n = 1), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 1), and an unspecified autoimmune condition (n = 1) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants had been managed as outpatients during their COVID-19 illness?

78% Signup and view all the answers

Which biomarkers correlated with levels of binding antibodies in individuals with PASC at the early timepoint?

TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which biomarkers correlated with levels of binding antibodies in individuals with PASC at the later timepoint?

IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which biomarker showed significantly higher levels in individuals with PASC during late recovery?

IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factors were adjusted for in the sensitivity analyses?

age, sex, hospitalization status during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of dysregulation of immune activating cytokines?

The potential effects of dysregulation of immune activating cytokines can lead to detrimental clinical conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How does IL-6 overexpression in mouse models manifest?

IL-6 overexpression in mouse models is associated with tissue-specific manifestations such as lung or neurologic disease. Signup and view all the answers

What trends in immunologic markers were found among individuals recovering from COVID-19?

Individuals with persistent symptoms were likely to demonstrate higher levels of markers of inflammation and immune activation during the first 90 days of COVID-19 recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What are postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC)?

Postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) refer to the presence of 1 or more coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–attributed symptoms beyond 90 days. Signup and view all the answers

What markers were measured to assess inflammation in the SARS-CoV-2 recovery cohort?

Soluble markers of inflammation were measured to assess inflammation in the SARS-CoV-2 recovery cohort. Signup and view all the answers

What statistical analysis method was used to compare marker values between individuals with and without PASC?

Mixed-effects models with terms for PASC and early and late recovery time periods were used to compare marker values between individuals with and without PASC. Signup and view all the answers

What are some cytokine biomarkers that were found to be higher in individuals who developed PASC during early recovery?

Tumor necrosis factor–α and interferon-γ–induced protein 10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend observed in interleukin 6 levels during early and late recovery in individuals with PASC?

The interleukin 6 levels were higher during early recovery and became more pronounced in late recovery Signup and view all the answers

What might persistent immune activation be associated with following COVID-19?

Ongoing symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that individuals recovering from COVID-19 may experience, which is often associated with the persistence or recurrence of symptoms?

Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) Signup and view all the answers