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Cytokine Levels and Immune Response in PASC
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Cytokine Levels and Immune Response in PASC

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)?

  • Mild acute infection
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Advanced age (correct)
  • Male sex
  • Which biomarker shows consistent elevations during early and late recovery among individuals with PASC?

  • IL-6 (correct)
  • IFN-γ
  • MCP-1
  • IP-10
  • Which proinflammatory cytokine is more predictive of poor outcomes such as respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation during acute COVID-19?

  • IL-6 (correct)
  • IL-10
  • IFN-γ
  • TNF-α
  • What is the abbreviation for interferon-γ–induced protein 10?

    <p>IP-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division is the author Michael J. Peluso affiliated with?

    <p>Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of PASC?

    <p>Presence of 1 or more COVID-19 symptoms after 90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the institution affiliation of the author Christos J. Petropoulos?

    <p>Monogram Biosciences Inc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>To investigate the biological processes associated with PASC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokine biomarkers showed a significant difference in levels between individuals who developed PASC and those who did not?

    <p>Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among individuals with PASC, which cytokine biomarker showed a trend towards higher levels during early recovery and became more pronounced in late recovery?

    <p>Interleukin 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the recovery phase following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection?

    <p>It is poorly understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential implication of persistent inflammation during recovery from COVID-19?

    <p>Increased risk of adverse outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomarker showed a significant positive correlation with levels of binding antibodies at the early timepoint among those with PASC?

    <p>TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomarker showed a significant positive correlation with levels of binding antibodies at the later timepoint among those with PASC?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among those without PASC, which biomarker showed a significant positive correlation with levels of binding antibodies at the early timepoint?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among those without PASC, which biomarker showed a significant positive correlation with levels of binding antibodies at the later timepoint?

    <p>IP-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine has been implicated in models of chronic inflammatory diseases and is associated with tissue-specific manifestations such as lung or neurologic disease in mouse models?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine induces tissue inflammation and endothelial activation, and its uncontrolled activity underlies various inflammatory diseases that can involve multiple organ systems?

    <p>TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first 90 days of COVID-19 recovery, individuals with persistent symptoms were likely to demonstrate higher levels of markers of inflammation and immune activation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All markers of interest achieved statistical significance during the first 90 days of COVID-19 recovery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevations in IL-6 persisted into the late recovery period during which the primary clinical outcome (PASC) was defined.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The findings discussed in the text are based on large studies with a significant number of participants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomarkers were measured in blood plasma using the HD-X Simoa platform?

    <p>MCP-1, Cytokine 3-PlexA, IFN-γ–induced protein 10, SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary outcome measured in this study?

    <p>Presence of persistent symptoms at &gt;90 days from initial COVID-19 symptom onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many participants were included in the analysis cohort?

    <p>121</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical analysis was used to compare the groups with and without persistent symptoms?

    <p>Nonparametric analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what percentage of the cohort had a history of an autoimmune disorder?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what percentage of participants had been managed as outpatients during their COVID-19 illness?

    <p>78%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what was the median number of symptoms reported by individuals with PASC at the late recovery timepoint?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what was the average percentage difference in levels of plasma biomarkers between those with and without PASC during early recovery?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the equation for a line in slope-intercept form?

    <p>$y = mx + b$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the formula for the area of a triangle?

    <p>$A = \frac{1}{2}bh$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of $x$ in the equation $3x + 5 = 20$?

    <p>$x = 7$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the equation for a circle?

    <p>$(x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of $y$ in the equation $2x + 3y = 12$ when $x = 4$?

    <p>$y = 4$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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