English B2

Parts of Speech

• Nouns:
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g., John, London, Amazon)
  • Common nouns: general categories of things (e.g., dog, city, company)
  • Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g., family, flock, team)
  • Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g., happiness, freedom, love)
• Verbs:
  • Action verbs: express action or occurrence (e.g., run, eat, think)
  • Linking verbs: connect subject to additional information (e.g., be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: used to help form verb tense (e.g., will, would, shall)
• Adjectives:
  • Describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., big, happy, blue)
  • Can be used to compare or describe quantity (e.g., more, most, few)
• Adverbs:
  • Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
  • Can indicate time, place, manner, frequency, or degree
• Pronouns:
  • Replace nouns in sentences (e.g., he, she, it, they)
  • Can be personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, or interrogative
• Prepositions:
  • Show relationships between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
  • Can indicate location, direction, time, or manner
• Conjunctions:
  • Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, so)
  • Can be coordinating or subordinating
• Interjections:
  • Express emotion or feeling (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)

Sentence Structure

• Independent clauses: contain a subject and verb (e.g., I went to the store)
• Dependent clauses: cannot stand alone, often starting with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because I was hungry)
• Compound sentences: join two or more independent clauses with a conjunction (e.g., I went to the store, and I bought milk)
• Complex sentences: contain an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., I went to the store because I was hungry)

Verb Tenses

• Present tense: describes current action or state (e.g., I am writing)
• Past tense: describes completed action (e.g., I wrote)
• Future tense: describes future action (e.g., I will write)
• Conditional tense: describes hypothetical or uncertain situations (e.g., I would write if I had a pen)

Sentence Types

• Declarative sentences: make a statement (e.g., The sky is blue)
• Interrogative sentences: ask a question (e.g., What is your name?)
• Imperative sentences: give a command or make a request (e.g., Close the door)
• Exclamatory sentences: express strong emotions (e.g., Wow, that's amazing!)

Modifiers and Clauses

• Adjective clauses: describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., The book, which is on the table, is mine)
• Adverb clauses: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., I will attend the meeting because I have to)
• Relative clauses: describe nouns or pronouns, often using a relative pronoun (e.g., The book, which I read, was interesting)
• Subordinate clauses: cannot stand alone, often starting with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because I was tired)

Parts of Speech

• Nouns can be proper, common, collective, or abstract, and examples include John (proper), dog (common), family (collective), and happiness (abstract)

Verbs

• Action verbs express action or occurrence, such as run or eat
• Linking verbs connect the subject to additional information, such as be or seem
• Helping verbs are used to help form verb tense, such as will or would

Adjectives

• Describe nouns or pronouns, such as big or happy
• Can be used to compare or describe quantity, such as more or most

Adverbs

• Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, such as quickly or very
• Can indicate time, place, manner, frequency, or degree

Pronouns

• Replace nouns in sentences, such as he, she, it, or they
• Can be personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, or interrogative

Prepositions

• Show relationships between words, such as in, on, at, or with
• Can indicate location, direction, time, or manner

Conjunctions

• Connect words, phrases, or clauses, such as and, but, or, or so
• Can be coordinating or subordinating

Interjections

• Express emotion or feeling, such as oh, wow, or ouch

Sentence Structure

Independent Clauses

• Contain a subject and verb, such as I went to the store

Dependent Clauses

• Cannot stand alone, often starting with a subordinating conjunction, such as because I was hungry

Compound Sentences

• Join two or more independent clauses with a conjunction, such as I went to the store, and I bought milk

Complex Sentences

• Contain an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, such as I went to the store because I was hungry

Verb Tenses

Present Tense

• Describes current action or state, such as I am writing

Past Tense

• Describes completed action, such as I wrote

Future Tense

• Describes future action, such as I will write

Conditional Tense

• Describes hypothetical or uncertain situations, such as I would write if I had a pen

Sentence Types

Declarative Sentences

• Make a statement, such as The sky is blue

Interrogative Sentences

• Ask a question, such as What is your name?

Imperative Sentences

• Give a command or make a request, such as Close the door

Exclamatory Sentences

• Express strong emotions, such as Wow, that's amazing!

Modifiers and Clauses

Adjective Clauses

• Describe nouns or pronouns, such as The book, which is on the table, is mine

Adverb Clauses

• Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, such as I will attend the meeting because I have to

Relative Clauses

• Describe nouns or pronouns, often using a relative pronoun, such as The book, which I read, was interesting

Subordinate Clauses

• Cannot stand alone, often starting with a subordinating conjunction, such as because I was tired