20 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is associated with decreased levels in Parkinson's Disease?
Acetylcholine
Where in the brain do the dopamine storage cells degenerate in Parkinson's Disease?
Substantia Nigra
At what percentage of dopamine loss do clinical symptoms of Parkinson's Disease typically appear?
80%
Which neuronal pathways project from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum?
Fibers
What type of neurons relay messages to the higher motor centers in the control of motor movements?
Striatal neurons
What is the main effect of the loss of dopamine stores in the basal ganglia region of the brain?
Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
Which tracts controlling semi-automatic functions are impaired due to cellular degeneration in Parkinson's Disease?
Extrapyramidal tracts
What is the main focus of current research regarding Parkinson's Disease?
Uncovering the exact mechanism of neurodegeneration
What percentage of early Parkinson's Disease cases are associated with multiple genetic mutations?
15%
Which neurotransmitter is considered inhibitory in the context of Parkinson's Disease?
Dopamine
Which region of the brain is primarily affected by the degeneration of dopamine storage cells in Parkinson's Disease?
Basal ganglia
What is the main cause of the imbalance affecting voluntary movement in Parkinson's Disease?
More excitatory neurotransmitters than inhibitory neurotransmitters
Which of the following are the cardinal signs of Parkinson's Disease?
Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, and postural instability
Which subtype of Parkinson's Disease is characterized by a slow, unilateral resting tremor?
Tremor dominant
What is the characteristic feature of rigidity in Parkinson's Disease?
Resistance to passive limb movement
What does bradykinesia refer to in Parkinson's Disease?
Overall slowing of active movement and difficulty initiating movement
What are the autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia, and vision changes
What are the psychiatric changes commonly seen in Parkinson's Disease patients?
Depression, anxiety, dementia, hallucinations, and psychosis
What are the cognitive changes associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Diminished executive functions, attention difficulties, and decreased thinking
What are the complications associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin breakdown, and medication-related complications
Study Notes
Parkinson's Disease and its Clinical Manifestations
- Ongoing research focuses on recognizing biomarkers and developing individualized treatment options for Parkinson's Disease (PD) (Poewe et al., 2017).
- PD has a gradual onset, and symptoms progress slowly over a chronic, prolonged course.
- The cardinal signs of PD are tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, and postural instability (Hickey & Strayer, 2020).
- There are two major subtypes of PD: tremor dominant and nontremor dominant.
- Tremor, a slow, unilateral resting tremor, is present in the majority of patients at the time of diagnosis.
- Rigidity is characterized by resistance to passive limb movement, leading to involuntary stiffness and jerky movements.
- Bradykinesia refers to the overall slowing of active movement and difficulty initiating movement.
- Postural instability leads to gait problems, propulsive gait, and an increased risk of falls.
- PD also produces autonomic symptoms, dysphagia, vision and olfactory changes, and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.
- Psychiatric changes in PD patients include depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, hallucinations, and psychosis.
- Cognitive changes include diminished executive functions, attention difficulties, and decreased thinking.
- Complications associated with PD include respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin breakdown, and medication-related complications like dyskinesia and orthostatic hypotension.
Test your knowledge of Parkinson's Disease and its clinical manifestations with this quiz. From cardinal signs and subtypes to autonomic symptoms and psychiatric changes, challenge yourself to understand the complexities of PD and its impact on patients' lives.
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