Parkinson's Disease

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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with decreased levels in Parkinson's Disease?

Acetylcholine (correct)

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

GABA

Where in the brain do the dopamine storage cells degenerate in Parkinson's Disease?

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Substantia Nigra (correct)

Cerebellum

At what percentage of dopamine loss do clinical symptoms of Parkinson's Disease typically appear?

80% (correct)

50%

20%

30%

Which neuronal pathways project from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum?

Fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons relay messages to the higher motor centers in the control of motor movements?

Striatal neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of the loss of dopamine stores in the basal ganglia region of the brain?

Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which tracts controlling semi-automatic functions are impaired due to cellular degeneration in Parkinson's Disease?

Extrapyramidal tracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of current research regarding Parkinson's Disease?

Uncovering the exact mechanism of neurodegeneration Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of early Parkinson's Disease cases are associated with multiple genetic mutations?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered inhibitory in the context of Parkinson's Disease?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is primarily affected by the degeneration of dopamine storage cells in Parkinson's Disease?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the imbalance affecting voluntary movement in Parkinson's Disease?

More excitatory neurotransmitters than inhibitory neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the cardinal signs of Parkinson's Disease?

Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, and postural instability Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of Parkinson's Disease is characterized by a slow, unilateral resting tremor?

Tremor dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of rigidity in Parkinson's Disease?

Resistance to passive limb movement Signup and view all the answers

What does bradykinesia refer to in Parkinson's Disease?

Overall slowing of active movement and difficulty initiating movement Signup and view all the answers

What are the autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson's Disease?

Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia, and vision changes Signup and view all the answers

What are the psychiatric changes commonly seen in Parkinson's Disease patients?

Depression, anxiety, dementia, hallucinations, and psychosis Signup and view all the answers

What are the cognitive changes associated with Parkinson's Disease?

Diminished executive functions, attention difficulties, and decreased thinking Signup and view all the answers

What are the complications associated with Parkinson's Disease?

Respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin breakdown, and medication-related complications Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Parkinson's Disease and its Clinical Manifestations

Ongoing research focuses on recognizing biomarkers and developing individualized treatment options for Parkinson's Disease (PD) (Poewe et al., 2017).
PD has a gradual onset, and symptoms progress slowly over a chronic, prolonged course.
The cardinal signs of PD are tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, and postural instability (Hickey & Strayer, 2020).
There are two major subtypes of PD: tremor dominant and nontremor dominant.
Tremor, a slow, unilateral resting tremor, is present in the majority of patients at the time of diagnosis.
Rigidity is characterized by resistance to passive limb movement, leading to involuntary stiffness and jerky movements.
Bradykinesia refers to the overall slowing of active movement and difficulty initiating movement.
Postural instability leads to gait problems, propulsive gait, and an increased risk of falls.
PD also produces autonomic symptoms, dysphagia, vision and olfactory changes, and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.
Psychiatric changes in PD patients include depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, hallucinations, and psychosis.
Cognitive changes include diminished executive functions, attention difficulties, and decreased thinking.
Complications associated with PD include respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin breakdown, and medication-related complications like dyskinesia and orthostatic hypotension.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Parkinson's Disease and its clinical manifestations with this quiz. From cardinal signs and subtypes to autonomic symptoms and psychiatric changes, challenge yourself to understand the complexities of PD and its impact on patients' lives.