week 12: Parkinson's Disease

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease?

degeneration of serotonin-producing cells in the brainstem
degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia (correct)
loss of acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus
increased production of glutamate in the cortex

Which of the following is a role of the basal ganglia in motor control?

controls muscle tone in trunk and postural control muscles
modulating spinal reflexes to prevent hyperactivity
refining proprioceptive feedback for balance and posture
regulation of movement timing and inhibition of unwanted movements (correct)

Which component of the basal ganglia produces dopamine?

substantia nigra (correct)
caudate nucleus
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus

Which of the following is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease?

traumatic brain injury (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mainstay intervention for the treatment of symptoms related to Parkinson's disease?

levadopa medication (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of long-term levodopa treatment?

on/off motor fluctuations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What stretching modality is most commonly recommended for improving flexibility in Parkinson's disease patients?

slow static stretching (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basal ganglia role

provides essential neural input needed for motor control such as timing of muscle contraction, scaling of muscle force, coordination of multijoint movements, and movement sequencing Signup and view all the answers

Match

Striatum = movement planning and modulation of motor pathways Globes pallidus = sends out major inhibatory output signals from BG to motor cortex via thalamus Subthalamic Nucleus = an excitatory structure contributing to movement. Assists with info processing of movement Substantia Nigra = produces dopamine and supplies it to striatum Signup and view all the answers

Basal Ganglia contributes to executive function, behavior, and emotion

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

BG influences movement through direct and indirect pathways. Direct pathways inhibit the thalamus and PPN in brainstem to facilitate movement. Indirect pathways excites thalamus and PPN in brainstem to inhibit unwanted movement

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Name the 4 cardinal motor symptoms

resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability Signup and view all the answers

Name the 4 non cardinal PD motor symptoms

akinesis (loss of voluntary movement), freezing, stooped posture, shuffling gait Signup and view all the answers

What are on 'on-off' fluctuations?

refers to the unpredictable changes in a patient's motor symptoms, typically in response to levodopa. On state= medication is working and motor control is better. Off state = periods when medication is less effective or has worn off. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause on-off fluctuations of levodopa?

wearing off of medication, disease progression, delayed absorption of medication Signup and view all the answers

Name the 4 absolute red flags for exercise

<ol> <li>avoid only using HR and BP to assess exercise intensity/ response to exercise. 2)avoided supine and other exercise in patients with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. Avoid exercise during 'off' fluctuations. 4) avoid any exercises that present a falls risk</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

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