Parkinson's Disease
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Questions and Answers

Which motor symptom is not associated with Parkinson’s Disease?

  • Tremor
  • Slow movement
  • Rigidity
  • Dementia (correct)

What is a known genetic factor contributing to Parkinson’s Disease?

  • Head trauma
  • Dairy consumption
  • Exposure to pesticides
  • LRRK2 mutations (correct)

Which of the following is a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

  • Imbalance
  • Involuntary movements
  • Sleep disorders (correct)
  • Rigidity

What environmental factor has been linked to Parkinson’s Disease?

<p>Heavy metal exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease?

<p>Rapid eye movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson’s Disease is primarily caused by which type of factors?

<p>Idiopathic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern is associated with some genetic factors of Parkinson’s Disease?

<p>Mixed autosomal dominant and recessive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about the causes of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Only genetic factors are involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median age at which individuals are more likely to develop Parkinson's disease?

<p>60 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals over 85 years old is affected by Parkinson's disease?

<p>4%-5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that could influence the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease?

<p>Genetic predisposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What oral health issue is reported by 65% of Parkinson's disease patients?

<p>Dry mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Parkinson's disease typically affect dental hygiene?

<p>Reduces motor control affecting oral hygiene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common motor symptom that complicates dental care for Parkinson's disease patients?

<p>Difficulty with brushing teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is more likely to neglect oral health care in Parkinson's disease patients?

<p>Men (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of dysphagia in Parkinson's disease patients?

<p>Risk of choking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Levodopa in managing Parkinson's disease?

<p>It alleviates motor symptoms by converting to dopamine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly prescribed to help control tremors in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Anticholinergics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of physiotherapy for Parkinson's disease patients?

<p>Support self-management and improve mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of occupational therapy for individuals with Parkinson’s disease?

<p>To support patients in daily activities through adaptations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical option involves implanting a pulse generator in Parkinson's disease treatment?

<p>Deep Brain Stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of speech therapy for Parkinson’s disease patients?

<p>Providing assistive technology for communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of strategy is primarily used in physiotherapy for Parkinson’s patients?

<p>Exercise and practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of occupational therapy in the context of Parkinson’s disease?

<p>Physical improvement exercises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential factor to consider when timing patient appointments?

<p>Patient's medication schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Increased reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What non-motor symptom might patients with Parkinson's disease experience?

<p>Cognitive impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Parkinson's disease, what role might soft arm restraints play?

<p>Preventing falls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is a risk for developing pneumonia in Parkinson’s patients according to research?

<p>Advanced age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapies has been mentioned for Parkinson's disease management?

<p>Stem cell therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication discusses the genetic implications of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Journal of Neurology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a primary symptom of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Tremors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

<p>It serves as a first-line treatment to manage symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medication class used to manage Parkinson's disease?

<p>Anticholinergics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is linked to Parkinson's disease as mentioned in recent studies?

<p>Environmental risk factors and epigenetic mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is recommended for improving the quality of life in Parkinson's patients?

<p>Physical and occupational therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization published information about Parkinson's disease in 2023?

<p>World Health Organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of medication is associated with the treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients?

<p>Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does Parkinson's disease have on oral health?

<p>It may lead to an increased risk of oral health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable review that discusses sex and gender differences in oral health?

<p>Men and Oral Health: A Review of Sex and Gender Differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Parkinson's Disease?

A chronic and progressive neurological disorder affecting movement, caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

What is the fundamental cause of Parkinson's Disease?

The degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to an imbalance in motor pathways.

What are the main motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?

Tremors, slow movement (bradykinesia), rigidity (stiffness), and problems with balance and coordination.

What are non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's Disease?

Mental health disorders like depression and anxiety, dementia, pain, sleep disturbances, and sensory changes.

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What causes Parkinson's Disease? (in most cases)

The exact cause is unknown, but it's likely a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

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What are genetic factors linked to Parkinson's?

Mutations in genes like LRRK2 and PARK2, which increase the risk of developing Parkinson's.

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What environmental factors may contribute to Parkinson's?

Exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, and even drinking well water can increase the risk of Parkinson's.

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What are other potential risk factors for Parkinson's?

Head trauma, living in rural areas, and dairy consumption have been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's.

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What is Levodopa?

The most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, it's converted into dopamine in the brain, relieving motor symptoms.

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What are Anticholinergics used for?

They can help with tremors, but they're less used due to side effects.

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How do MAO-B Inhibitors work?

They prevent the breakdown of dopamine, preserving its effects.

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What is Physiotherapy for Parkinson's?

It focuses on movement, balance, and strength through exercises, practice, and compensatory strategies.

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What does Occupational Therapy do for Parkinson's?

It helps patients with daily tasks like self-care, work, and shopping.

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What is the goal of Speech Therapy for Parkinson's?

It addresses speech and swallowing difficulties with exercises, practice, and assistive technology.

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What is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?

This involves implanting a pulse generator to send electric currents to specific brain areas.

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What are Bite Blocks?

A dental modification to help patients with reduced oral control.

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Parkinson's Disease: Gender and Age

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It is more common in men than women, and its prevalence increases with age.

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Parkinson's Disease: Age of Onset

The risk of developing Parkinson's disease is higher for individuals 50 years old and older, with the median age of diagnosis being around 60 years old.

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Parkinson's Disease: Prevalence in Younger People

Parkinson's disease is rarely observed in individuals under 40 years old, indicating that younger people are less likely to be affected.

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Parkinson's Disease: Prevalence in the World Population

Parkinson's disease affects a small percentage of the global population, specifically 1-2% of individuals over 65 years old and 4-5% of those over 85.

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Dental Implications of Parkinson's Disease

Individuals with Parkinson's disease often experience a decline in both motor and cognitive functions, potentially impacting their ability to maintain oral hygiene, leading to dental complications.

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PD & Periodontitis

People with Parkinson's disease may experience severe forms of periodontitis and inflammation of the gums, both linked to poor oral hygiene, potentially further affecting their overall health.

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PD and Dry Mouth

Xerostomia, commonly referred to as dry mouth, is a prevalent symptom among Parkinson's disease patients, affecting approximately 65% of them.

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Parkinson's Disease & Dysphagia

Difficulties with swallowing, known as dysphagia, present a risk of choking for individuals with Parkinson's disease because of the potential for food aspiration.

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What is dopamine?

A neurotransmitter responsible for smooth and coordinated movements. Its deficiency is a key factor in Parkinson's Disease.

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What is the substantia nigra?

A specific brain region rich in dopamine-producing neurons, whose degeneration is central to the development of Parkinson's Disease.

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What is neurodegeneration?

The process of gradual deterioration and loss of nerve cells, leading to the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.

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What are tremors?

A hallmark symptom of Parkinson's Disease marked by involuntary rhythmic shaking, often in hands and limbs.

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What is bradykinesia?

A key symptom of Parkinson's Disease, characterized by slowness of movement and difficulty initiating movements.

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What is rigidity?

A common symptom of Parkinson's Disease, involving stiffness and resistance to movement in the limbs.

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What are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's?

A broad range of symptoms including depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and cognitive impairments, often accompanying Parkinson's Disease.

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Soft arm restraints

A type of restraint used to protect patients and staff from accidental harm, especially when a patient is moving, restless or agitated.

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Timing appointments with Medication Schedule

A method of scheduling appointments that considers a patient's medication schedule, ensuring they can attend appointments while maintaining their medication routine.

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Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis

The complex science that aims to understand and treat Parkinson's Disease, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement, thinking and emotions.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson's

A method of treating Parkinson's that involves introducing stem cells into the body to potentially replace damaged brain cells and improve symptoms.

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Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's

Problems experienced by people with Parkinson's that go beyond physical movement challenges, including mental health, sleep disturbances, and autonomic system issues.

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Genetics of Parkinson's

The role of genetic factors (inherited from parents) in influencing the development of Parkinson's Disease.

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Parkinsonism's effect on Periodontal Health

A research study that examines the relationship between Parkinson's Disease and periodontal health (gums and teeth).

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Difficulty and Complexity Matrix for Assessments

Method of designing assessments in education that uses a matrix to evaluate both the difficulty and complexity of learning tasks, aiming for effective and engaging assessments for learners.

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Study Notes

Parkinson's Disease Overview

  • Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive movement disorder.
  • Symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), and postural instability.
  • Characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons, disrupting motor pathways in the brain.
  • Non-motor symptoms can also occur, such as sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders.
  • Parkinson's disease prevalence increases with age, typically starting around 50 or older.
  • Median age of onset is 60.
  • Rare in those younger than 40.

Causes of Parkinson's Disease

  • Genetic mutations can be passed through generations.
  • A mix of autosomal dominant (LRRK2) and recessive (PARK2) inheritance patterns exists.
  • ATP13A2 mutations can cause early-onset Parkinson's disease, while LRRK2 variation is associated with late-onset.
  • Exposure to heavy metals and pesticides is a possible environmental risk factor.
  • Well water use, living in rural areas, head trauma, and dairy consumption may also play a role.
  • The majority of Parkinson's disease cases are idiopathic (unknown cause).

Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

  • Motor Symptoms: Tremors, slow movement, trouble walking, imbalance, rigidity, involuntary movements, bradykinesia (mask-like face, decreased blinking, impaired fine motor skills), vocal symptoms, rigidity and postural instability, walking or gait difficulties, and dystonia.
  • Non-Motor Symptoms: Mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, fatigue), dementia, pain, sleep disorders, and sensory disturbances.
  • Sense of smell loss, sweating issues, gastro-intestinal problems, and urinary issues are also possible.

Dental Implications

  • Parkinson's disease patients tend to develop more severe forms of gum disease (periodontitis).
  • Difficulty managing oral hygiene due to motor and cognitive impairments which can affect quality of life.
  • Increased risk of dry mouth, chewing and biting problems, and changes in taste perception impacting dental health.
  • Problems with swallowing, particularly with dentures, leading to choking risk.
  • Parkinson's patients may be less likely to visit dentists.

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

  • Currently, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.
  • Treatments aim to reduce symptoms and maintain quality of life.
  • Pharmacological Treatments: Levodopa (converted to dopamine), anticholinergics (reducing tremors), and MAO-B inhibitors (preventing dopamine breakdown).
  • Supportive Treatments: Physiotherapy (improve mobility and balance), Occupational therapy (daily activities), speech therapy (swallowing and speech difficulties), and in rare cases, brain surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation).
  • Dental Treatment Modifications: Effective communication, oral hygiene counseling, bite blocks, limiting anesthetic, timing medications with appointments, and soft arm restraints.

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