Parkinson's Disease PDF

Parkinson’s DiseaseBY: MENA MANOJU MOHAMMED What is Parkinson’s Disease? 1. A chronic and progressive movement disorder that causes various symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability, (Jankovic. J, 2008...

Parkinson’s DiseaseBY: MENA MANOJU MOHAMMED What is Parkinson’s Disease? 1. A chronic and progressive movement disorder that causes various symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability, (Jankovic. J, 2008). 1. The disease is characterised by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to an imbalance in the brain's motor pathways (Kalia, L.V., & Lang, A.E. 2015). 1. In addition to motor symptoms, individuals may experience non- motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders, (Chaudhuri, K.R, 2006) (Parkinson's disease, n.d.). According to WHO, (2023) Parkinson Diseases can cause: Motor Symptoms Non-Motor Symptoms Tremor Mental health disorders Slow movement Dementia Trouble walking Pain Imbalance Sleep disorders Rigidity Sensory disturbances Involuntary Movement  What are the causes of Parkinson’s disease? Most are Idiopathic- unknown Mutated genes passing from generation (John Hopkins Medicine, 2023) to generation. Genetic Mixture of autosomal dominant (i.e Risk Factors LRRK2) and autosomal recessive (i.e PARK2) inheritance patterns. ATP13A2 mutation: Early Parkinson disease, LRRK2 variation: late parkinson disease. Exposure to heavy metal and Environmental pesticide. (Tsalenchuk, Gentleman and Marzi, 2023) Use of well water for drinking. Living in rural area. Trauma to head. Dairy consumption.  What are the causes of Parkinson’s disease? *Males>F Age emale Men are more likely to Increases with age →typically develop Parkinson's disease starting at 50 or older than women. Median age 60 years Rare in younger people under 40 Could be difference in 1%-2% world population is variables such as: caffeine affected over 65 years, 4%-5% intake, cigarette smoking, over 85 years old and use of postmenopausal More likely as you age hormones. (Zapp E, n.d.) (Iconduck, n.d.)  Dental Implications: (John et al., 2021) patient with parkinson’s disease have the tendency (Van Stiphout et al., 2019) study showed that to develop severe forms of PD patients had: periodontitis and gingival inflammation. Problems with chewing and biting due to Impairs patient’s motor and cognitive worsening motor issues. functions→reduce ability to manage Disturbance/change in taste - due to poor oral oral hygiene→ affecting quality of life. hygiene Tooth mobility. Xerostomia : 65% PD patients reported dry Difficulty with brushing teeth and mouth→ increase in cavity biofilm removal due to motor and non- Drooling motor symptoms Dysphagia (problem with swallowing) - risk choking (Verhoeff et al.,2023) PD patient (Men>Female) higher risk of Difficult/less comfortable with denture due to periodontal disease, caries and reduce motor control pneumonia -Men →low self-care and less dental visit, ignore oral health care (Cona. L, 2022)  Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease There is no current cure for Parkinson's disease but treatments are available to help reduce the main symptoms and maintain quality of life for as long as possible. Medication/pharmacological treatments Supportive treatments, such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy In some cases, brain surgery (NHS, n.d.). Pharmacological Treatments 1. Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, alleviating motor symptoms. It is currently the most effective treatment. (C.W Olanow, 2009). 2. Anticholinergics can help control tremors but are less commonly used due to side effects (L.M Shulman, 2011). 3. MAO-B Inhibitors help prevent the breakdown of dopamine (K. Mcfarthing, 2011) Supportive Therapies 1. Physiotherapy: Aims to support self-management and participation in movement related activities to help improve mobility, balance, and strength. 2. Occupational Therapy: Aims to support the patient in daily activities such as self care, work, shopping etc. Both Physiotherapy and Occupational therapy use education and coaching to empower the patient in self-management. The most important treatment strategies used in physiotherapy are: Exercise Practice Compensatory strategy training (i.e. cueing and strategies for complex motor sequences) And those used in occupational therapy are: Application of compensatory strategies in daily activities (i.e. movement strategies, cognitive strategies and planning) Adaptation of tasks and daily routines Adaptations of the physical environment (Radder et al., 2017) 1. Speech Therapy: Addresses speech and swallowing difficulties by teaching speaking and swallowing exercises, or providing assistive technology (NHS) Surgical Treatments 1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Involves implanting a pulse generator which produces a small electric current that runs through connected fine wires placed under the skin. The wires are inserted precisely into specific areas in the brain that are  Dental Treatment Modifications Effective communication Oral Hygiene Counselling ‘Bite blocks, to compensate for the for the lack of oral muscular control’ (Dimensions of dental hygiene, 2014) Limit Anaesthetic. (Pajunk,, 2024) Timing appointments in line with when (Learning, 2019) patient takes medications. Soft arm restraints.  References Adam, H., Subash C.B. Gopinath, Arshad, M., Adam, T., Parmin, N.A., Husein, I. and Hashim, U. (2023) ‘An update on pathogenesis and clinical scenario for Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and treatment. 3 Biotech, 13(5). Available at:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03553-8 Chang, Y. P., Yang, C. J., Hu, K. F., Chao, A. C., Chang, Y. H., Hsieh, K. P. and Lim, S. Y. (2016) ‘Risk factors for pneumonia among patients with Parkinson’s disease: a Taiwan nationwide population-based study’. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, ‘pp. 1037–1046. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S99365 Cona, L. (2022). Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease in 2020. [online] www.dvcstem.com. Available at: https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-parkinsons. Chaudhuri, K.R., et al. (2006). "Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: an overview." Movement Disorders, 21(6), 787-796 Day, J.O. and Mullin, S. (2021) ‘The Genetics of Parkinson’s Disease and Implications for Clinical Practice, Genes, 12(7), p.1006. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12071006.  References Continued Iconduck. (n.d.). ‘male female’ Icon - Download for free. [online] Available at: https://iconduck.com/icons/102920/male-female. [Accessed 10. Nov 2024]. Jankovic, J. (2008). "Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis." Journal of Neurology, 255 (Suppl 5), 1-7. Jankovic, J. and Tan, E.K. (2020) ‘Parkinson’s Disease: Etiopathogenesis and Treatment, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91(8), pp.795–808. Available at:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-322338 John Hopkins Medicine (2023). The Genetic Link to Parkinson’s Disease. [online] www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease/the-genetic-link-to-parkinsons-disease. [Accessed 10. Nov 2024]. John, T., Vasanthy, B., Madhavanpillai,B., Gomez, M. and Kuriakose, R. (2021) ‘Does parkinsonism affect periodontal health? A cross- sectional study in a tertiary hospital’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 25(6), pp.538–538. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_749_20 Learning, K.I. (2019). How to Design Classroom Assessments Using the Difficulty and Complexity Matrix. [online] Keep Indiana Learning. Available at: https://keepindianalearning.org/design-classroom-assessments-using-difficulty-complexity-matrix/. [Accessed 10. Nov 2024]. Lipsky, M.S., Su, S., Crespo, C.J. and Hung, M. (2021) ‘Men and Oral Health: A Review of Sex and Gender Differences, American Journal of Men’s Health, 15(3), p.155798832110163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883211016361 McFarthing, K., et al. (2011). "Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(9). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2024). Parkinson’s Disease. [online] www.ninds.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/parkinsons-disease. [Accessed 10. Nov 2024]. NHS. (n.d.). Parkinson's disease. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/ [Accessed: 14 Oct 2024] NHS. “Treatment - Parkinson’s Disease.” NHS, 3 Nov. 2022, www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/treatment/ [Accessed 11 Nov. 2024]  References Continued Olanow, C.W., et al. (2009). "The role of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease." Movement Disorders, 24(15), 2190- 2198. Pajunk.com. (2024). Tuohy Needles» Epidural & Caudal Anaesthesia | PAJUNK | PAJUNK. [online] Available at: https://pajunk.com/products/regional-anesthesia/epidural-anesthesia/tuohy-needles/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2024]. Radder, D. L. M. et al. (2017) ‘Physical therapy and occupational therapy in Parkinson’s disease’, International Journal of Neuroscience, 127(10), pp. 930–943. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1275617. [Accessed: 10 Nov. 2024] Shulman, L.M., et al. (2011). "Anticholinergic medications in Parkinson's disease." Movement Disorders, 26(5), 886-893. Tsalenchuk, M., Gentleman, S.M. and Marzi, S.J. (2023). Linking environmental risk factors with epigenetic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. npj Parkinson’s Disease, [online] 9(1), pp.1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-023-00568-z. [Accessed 10. Nov 2024]. Verhoeff, M.C., Eikenboom, D., Koutris, M., de Vries, R., Berendse, H.W., van Dijk, K.D. and Lobbezoo, F. (2023) ‘Parkinson’s disease and oral health: A systematic review, Archives of Oral Biology, 151, p.105712. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105712 World Health Organization (2023) Parkinson disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/parkinson-disease (Accessed: 27 October 2024). Zapp! English. (n.d.). age In English Audio. [online] Available at: https://zappenglish.com/tag/age. [Accessed 10. Nov. 2024].