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Questions and Answers
What is the most common method of drug absorption for non-vascular injections?
What is the most common method of drug absorption for non-vascular injections?
What are the factors that affect drug absorption?
What are the factors that affect drug absorption?
What are the three types of preparations that can be used for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections?
What are the three types of preparations that can be used for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections?
What must be determined and studied during the formulation of parenteral products?
What must be determined and studied during the formulation of parenteral products?
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What type of preparations are typically used for intravenous and intraspinal injections?
What type of preparations are typically used for intravenous and intraspinal injections?
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What standards must ophthalmic preparations meet?
What standards must ophthalmic preparations meet?
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What is the relationship between the intended route of administration and the volume and isotonicity of the drug?
What is the relationship between the intended route of administration and the volume and isotonicity of the drug?
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Which route of injection results in immediate drug availability without absorption?
Which route of injection results in immediate drug availability without absorption?
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What is the most common method of absorption for non-vascular injections?
What is the most common method of absorption for non-vascular injections?
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What are some factors that affect drug absorption?
What are some factors that affect drug absorption?
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What are some types of preparations for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections?
What are some types of preparations for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections?
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What must be determined during the formulation of parenteral products?
What must be determined during the formulation of parenteral products?
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What type of preparations are typically used for intravenous and intraspinal injections?
What type of preparations are typically used for intravenous and intraspinal injections?
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What is the maximum volume for intracutaneous injections?
What is the maximum volume for intracutaneous injections?
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What are some similarities between ophthalmic preparations and internal body cavity injections?
What are some similarities between ophthalmic preparations and internal body cavity injections?
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What is the maximum volume for intramuscular injections?
What is the maximum volume for intramuscular injections?
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What is the maximum volume for intravenous administration?
What is the maximum volume for intravenous administration?
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What type of solutions are safe for intravenous administration?
What type of solutions are safe for intravenous administration?
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What is the importance of isotonicity for intraspinal injections?
What is the importance of isotonicity for intraspinal injections?
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What type of solutions can increase drug absorption rate when given intramuscularly?
What type of solutions can increase drug absorption rate when given intramuscularly?
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What type of route is suitable for the administration of oils and suspended particles?
What type of route is suitable for the administration of oils and suspended particles?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption and Formulation for Parenteral Products
- Intravascular injection results in immediate drug availability without absorption.
- For all other routes, drug absorption requires permeation of at least one blood vessel and tissue cell wall.
- Passive diffusion is the most common method of absorption for non-vascular injections.
- Factors affecting absorption include blood vessel size, exercise of injected tissue, and physical and chemical properties of the drug and dosage form.
- A drug's physiologic effect is influenced by its distribution, plasma protein binding, and rate of elimination.
- Intravenous and intraspinal preparations are typically aqueous solutions due to the risk of capillary blockage and nerve tissue sensitivity.
- Preparations for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections can be solutions, suspensions, or emulsions.
- Solid pellets may also be implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
- The formulation of parenteral products must be carefully integrated with intended administration to a patient.
- Chemical and physical properties of a drug must be determined, and stability must be studied at each step of the process.
- Ophthalmic preparations require similar standards to those for internal body cavity injections due to the sensitivity of eye tissues.
- Irrigating solutions also require high standards as they can enter the bloodstream directly during a procedure.
Additionally, the intended route of administration affects the volume and isotonicity of the drug, with smaller volumes typically used for intracutaneous injections and larger volumes for IV injections with careful administration control.
Effects of Route of Administration on Parenteral Product Formulation
- The intended route of administration affects the formulation of a parenteral product.
- Intracutaneous injections use a volume of 0.2 ml or less due to small tissue volume and slow absorption.
- Subcutaneous injections use volumes of 1 ml or less, while intramuscular injections use volumes of 2 ml or less.
- Intraspinally, volumes of 10 ml or less may be given, but large volumes are safe only by the IV route with careful administration control.
- Intravenous administration is suitable for volumes greater than 20 ml, whereas infusion units are practical for 250 ml or more.
- Isotonicity is crucial for intraspinal injections due to slow cerebrospinal fluid circulation, while nonisotonic solutions may cause false signs of irritation in intracutaneous injections.
- SC and IM injections do not require isotonicity for comfort.
- Slightly hypertonic solutions given IM can increase drug absorption rate by causing local effusion of tissue fluids.
- IV fluids should be isotonic, but slow administration of a paratonic solution is safe with rapid dilution with blood.
- Only solutions of drugs in water are safe for intravenous administration; suspensions may cause blockage of small blood vessels.
- Muscle tissue tolerates oils and suspended particles well, making it the only route suitable for their administration.
- Formulation modifications can retard the rate of drug release from a depot by utilizing various esters or salts to produce stable suspensions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the factors that affect drug absorption and formulation for parenteral products with this informative quiz. From the methods of absorption to the physical and chemical properties of the drug and dosage form, this quiz covers it all. You'll learn about the different types of injections and their ideal preparations, as well as the importance of careful formulation and administration. Take this quiz to improve your understanding of drug absorption and formulation in the parenteral context.
