21 Questions
What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulating blood calcium levels
Which type of hyperparathyroidism is common in women?
Primary hyperparathyroidism
What is a common clinical manifestation of hyperparathyroidism?
Renal stones
Which treatment helps to reduce calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood?
Cinacalcet drug therapy
What is the purpose of rotating the site of injection for insulin?
To prevent lipodystrophy
What is the recommended storage condition for the vial of insulin in current use?
Room temperature
Why should the vial of insulin be gently rolled between the palms?
To redistribute insulin particles
Which of the following is a cause of hypoglycemia (insulin shock)?
Straneous exercise
What are the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia?
Restlessness, hunger pangs, weakness
How should hypoglycemia be managed if the patient is unconscious?
Administer Dextrose 50% intravenously
Which hormone deficiency characterizes Hypoparathyroidism?
Parathyroid hormone
What are the common symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism?
Anxiety, muscle cramps, and seizures
How is Hypoparathyroidism diagnosed?
Low serum calcium and high blood phosphorus levels
What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus?
Stress, heredity, and obesity
What are the types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Type 1 and Type 2
How is Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed?
Elevated fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar levels
What is a recommended exercise for diabetes patients?
Brisk walking
What are the common side effects of insulin administration?
Hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal upset
What are the general precautions for exercising with diabetes?
Avoiding exercise in extreme temperatures
What are common medications used to manage diabetes?
Sulphonylureas and biguanides
How should insulin be administered?
Avoiding cold insulin during administration
Study Notes
- Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone production.
- Causes include accidental removal or trauma to parathyroid glands during surgery, autoimmune disorders, and radioactive iodine treatment.
- Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, abdominal pain, brittle nails, dry hair, dry and scaly skin, muscle cramps, tetany, pain in face, legs, and feet, and seizures.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by low serum calcium, high blood phosphorus, and low parathyroid hormone levels, as well as the absence or damage of parathyroid glands on CT scans.
- Treatment involves administering calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplements, maintaining calcium and low phosphorus levels, and monitoring for side effects like nausea, vomiting, headache, and mental confusion.
- In severe cases, intravenously administered calcium gluconate and injury prevention during seizures may be necessary.
- Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion or action defects.
- Causes include stress, heredity, obesity, and viral or autoimmune disorders.
- Types include Type 1 (IDDM, juvenile onset, complete insulin deficiency, and thin patients), Type 2 (NIDDM, maturity onset, less insulin secretion with increased insulin demand, and obese patients), and gestational diabetes.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by elevated fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar levels, as well as oral glucose tolerance tests and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels.
- Management involves diet control (50-60% carbohydrates, 20-30% fat, and 10-20% protein, increased fiber intake), activity/exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents (for Type 2 DM), and insulin administration.
- Hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal upset are common side effects of insulin administration.
- Brisk walking is a recommended exercise for diabetes patients due to increased carbohydrate uptake and decreased insulin requirements.
- Proper footwear, avoiding extreme temperatures, inspecting feet daily, and maintaining consistent exercise routines are general precautions for exercising with diabetes.
- Oral hypoglycemic agents (sulphonylureas and biguanides) and insulin are common medications used to manage diabetes.
- Insulin administration involves choosing the appropriate type and dosage, injecting subcutaneously at a 90-degree angle, avoiding cold insulin, and storing insulin properly.
Test your knowledge about the parathyroid gland and the disorders associated with it, including hyperparathyroidism. Learn about the role of parathormone in regulating blood calcium levels and its impact on calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
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