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What is the shape of the flagellum in Campylobacter jejuni?
What is the shape of the flagellum in Campylobacter jejuni?
What is the typical presentation of reactive arthritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
What is the typical presentation of reactive arthritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni?
What is the most common source of Campylobacter jejuni infection?
What is the most common source of Campylobacter jejuni infection?
What is the typical treatment for severe Campylobacter jejuni infection?
What is the typical treatment for severe Campylobacter jejuni infection?
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What is the characteristic of the sputum in necrotizing pneumonia caused by Klebsiella?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in necrotizing pneumonia caused by Klebsiella?
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What is the metabolic characteristic of Klebsiella?
What is the metabolic characteristic of Klebsiella?
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What is the characteristic of the urease test in Klebsiella?
What is the characteristic of the urease test in Klebsiella?
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What is the typical presentation of urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis?
What is the typical presentation of urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis?
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What is the characteristic of the metabolism of Helicobacter pylori?
What is the characteristic of the metabolism of Helicobacter pylori?
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What is the virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori that contributes to its pathogenesis?
What is the virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori that contributes to its pathogenesis?
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Which of the following protozoa does not require a stain to be diagnosed?
Which of the following protozoa does not require a stain to be diagnosed?
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Which stain is used to diagnose Whipple disease?
Which stain is used to diagnose Whipple disease?
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Which of the following organisms can be stained with Carbolfuchsin?
Which of the following organisms can be stained with Carbolfuchsin?
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Which of the following protozoa can be diagnosed with a Silver Stain?
Which of the following protozoa can be diagnosed with a Silver Stain?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of anaerobes?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of anaerobes?
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What is the mnemonic for anaerobes?
What is the mnemonic for anaerobes?
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What is the incubation period of Bordetella pertussis?
What is the incubation period of Bordetella pertussis?
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What is the habitat of Bordetella pertussis?
What is the habitat of Bordetella pertussis?
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What is the virulence factor in Legionella pneumophila that obtains iron from human transferrin or lactoferrin?
What is the virulence factor in Legionella pneumophila that obtains iron from human transferrin or lactoferrin?
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What is the most effective antibiotic against Bordetella pertussis in the catarrhal stage?
What is the most effective antibiotic against Bordetella pertussis in the catarrhal stage?
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What is the characteristic of the metabolism of Legionella pneumophila?
What is the characteristic of the metabolism of Legionella pneumophila?
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What is the clinical syndrome caused by EHEC?
What is the clinical syndrome caused by EHEC?
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What is the antibiotic used in severe cases of V. cholerae infection?
What is the antibiotic used in severe cases of V. cholerae infection?
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What type of motility is observed in V. cholerae?
What type of motility is observed in V. cholerae?
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What is the role of fimbriae in V. cholerae?
What is the role of fimbriae in V. cholerae?
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What is the mechanism of action of Choleragen?
What is the mechanism of action of Choleragen?
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What is the characteristic of V. cholerae metabolism?
What is the characteristic of V. cholerae metabolism?
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What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of normal flora?
What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of normal flora?
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What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of lactose fermentation?
What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of lactose fermentation?
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What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of hydrogen sulfide production?
What is the characteristic of V. cholerae in terms of hydrogen sulfide production?
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Study Notes
Neisseria meningitidis
- Resistant to colistin, most saprophytic species of Neisseria susceptible
Bordetella pertussis
- Transmission: via respiratory droplets
- Virulence Factors:
- Capsule
- Beta lactamase
- Filamentous hemagglutinin mediates attachment
- Toxins:
- Pertussis Toxin: ADP ribosylation activates G proteins
- Extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase: inhibits phagocytosis
- Tracheal cytotoxin: kills epithelial cells and paralyzes cilia
- Clinical syndromes: whooping cough, paroxysmal pattern of hacking coughs
- Diagnosis:
- Nutritionally fastidious
- Pleomorphic
- Poorly gram-negative rods
- Treatment and Prevention:
- Azithromycin
- Levofloxacin
- Doxycycline
- Reducing cigarette and alcohol consumption
- High temperatures and hyperchlorination in hospital water supply
Escherichia coli
- Metabolism:
- Indole Positive
- Lactose fermenter on EMB and MacConkey agar
- Green metallic sheen on EMB
- Triple Sugar Iron Agar shows acid with gas and no H2S production
- No H2S production
Shigella
- Biochemically inert enterobacteriaceae
- Transmission: infection
- Shigella is usually non-chalant since gastrectomy or use of antacids lowers infectious dose significantly
- Symptoms: N/V, abdominal pain, and nonbloody diarrhea
- Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome): triad of Uveitis, Urethritis, Arthritis
- Diagnosis: comma-shaped or S-shaped with single polar flagellum
- Treatment and Prevention: symptomatic treatment, Erythromycin for severe cases
Campylobacter jejuni
- Necrotizing Pneumonia
- Usually nosocomial with thick bloody sputum
- UTI
- Sepsis
Haemophilus influenzae
- Facultative with large polysaccharide capsule
- Currant jelly sputum
- Treatment and Prevention: culture-guided treatment, Cephalosporins +/- Aminoglycosides
Proteus mirabilis
- Metabolism:
- Urease positive
- Indole negative
- Non-lactose fermenter
- Virulence Factors:
- Motile
- Fimbriae for adherence
- LPS
- Urease production
- Clinical syndromes:
- Complicated UTI associated with nephrolithiasis
- Sepsis
Helicobacter pylori
- Metabolism:
- Microaerophilic
- Oxidase positive
- Catalase positive
- Urease positive
- Triple positive
- Transmission: ingestion, habitat: human stomach
- Virulence Factors:
- Urease produces ammonia makes the environment alkaline
Aminoglycoside Ineffective Bacteria
- Aminoglycoside antibiotics are ineffective against anaerobes because they require oxygen to enter the bacterial cell
- Examples of anaerobes include Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Actinomyces
- Other bacteria that are not affected by aminoglycoside antibiotics include Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, Bartonella henselae, and certain fungi
Staining Techniques
- Silver Stain is used to diagnose Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, and Bartonella henselae infections
- Periodic Acid Schiff Stain is used to diagnose Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes
- Anaerobes (e.g. Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces) cannot use oxygen and require fermentation
- Facultative anaerobes (e.g. Helicobacter pylori, Legionella) can use oxygen if present, but can also use fermentation in its absence
Bordetella Pertussis
- Transmission: whooping cough is highly contagious during the catarrhal phase (1-2 weeks)
- Incubation period: 7-10 days
- Diagnosis: small rods, culture in Bordet-gengou agar, ELISA, PCR detection of bacterial DNA
- Treatment and Prevention: Erythromycin, DPT vaccine, treat household contacts
Legionella Pneumophila
- Metabolism: growth depends on L-cysteine and Iron in chocolate yeast extract agar
- Transmission: ubiquitous in man and natural water environments, airconditioning systems
- No person-to-person transmission
- Virulence Factors: facultative intracellular organism, cell-mediated immunity is important
- Toxins: endotoxin, cytotoxins
- Clinical syndromes: Pontiac fever, atypical pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease
Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)
- Virulence Factors: fimbriae, pili, capsule (K antigen), flagella (H antigen), siderophore
- Toxins: endotoxin, entero toxins
- Clinical syndromes: BEL (neonatal meningitis), UTI, nosocomial sepsis, nosocomial pneumonia, diarrhea
- Subtypes: ETEC, EIEC, EPEC, EHEC (O157:H7)
Shigella spp.
- Virulence Factors: motile shooting star motility, fimbriae
- Toxins: choleragen
- Clinical syndromes: severe diarrhea with blood and pus in the stool, dysentery
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Review questions on microbiology and parasitology, covering topics such as Neisseria, Bordetella pertussis, and Hib Vaccine. Prepare for your exam with this comprehensive review program.
