Questions and Answers
What is the family of Paramyxovirus?
What is the genome type of Paramyxoviruses?
Nonsegmented single-stranded RNA of negative polarity
What are the two major components of the spike structure in Parainfluenza viruses?
Hemagglutinin (H) and Fusion protein (F)
What condition is associated with Parainfluenza viruses in children?
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Parainfluenza viruses cause viremia.
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What is the genus of Mumps virus?
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Rubavirus is classified under the family __________.
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Which of the following is a common complication of Mumps virus?
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What is the incubation period for Measles?
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What is the characteristic feature of Koplik's spots?
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RSV infections are generally more severe in infants than in older children.
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What type of immunity does the MMR vaccine provide?
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Which virus is associated with the condition known as congenital rubella syndrome?
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Study Notes
Paramyxoviridae Family
- Consists of several viruses including parainfluenza, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
- Features nonsegmented single-stranded RNA of negative polarity and helical capsid structure.
Parainfluenza Viruses
- Cause croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) and pneumonia in children, common cold in adults.
- Types include Parainfluenza viruses type 1, 2, 3, and 4, each with unique properties and pathogenicity.
Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings of Parainfluenza
- Causes upper and lower respiratory tract diseases without viremia.
- Major causes of croup in children under five years, particularly types 1 and 2.
- Type 3 linked to bronchiolitis and pneumonia; Type 4 causes common cold in healthy adults.
Transmission and Epidemiology of Parainfluenza
- Spread via respiratory droplets; has a global distribution.
Mumps Virus
- Classified under Rubulavirus; characterized by a single serotype, meaning lifelong immunity after infection.
- Spikes include hemagglutinin and fusion protein.
Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings of Mumps
- Begins with inoculation of the respiratory tract, leading to local replication and potential systemic infection.
- Symptoms include fevers, malaise, and swelling of parotid glands, often resolving spontaneously within one week.
Mumps Complications
- Can lead to meningitis, orchitis in postpubertal males (with risk of sterility), and encephalitis.
Measles Virus
- A member of Morbillivirus; also known as Rubeola.
- Distinguished by spikes that include hemagglutinin and fusion protein.
Clinical Findings of Measles
- Incubation period of 10-14 days; presents with fever, conjunctivitis, cough, Koplik's spots, and a maculopapular rash that spreads from face to lower extremities.
Measles Complications
- Serious complications include pneumonia, bacterial otitis media, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which develops 1-10 years after infection.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Primarily causes pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and is characterized by fusion protein that forms multinucleated giant cells.
- Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets and contaminated hands; major outbreaks occur in infants under three.
Rubella Virus
- A single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Togaviridae family.
- Causes rubella (German measles) and congenital rubella syndrome with complications including cardiac and ocular defects.
Clinical Features of Rubella
- Postnatal rubella presents as milder than measles with a maculopapular rash and posterior auricular lymphadenopathy.
- Congenital rubella syndrome can result from infection during the first trimester, leading to severe birth defects.
Rubella Complications
- In adults: arthritis, encephalitis, neuritis.
- In neonates: serious complications affecting the heart, eyes, and brain.
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Measles diagnosed via serum and nasopharyngeal secretions; mumps via serum, saliva, and CSF; rubella through serum testing.
- Hemagglutination inhibition test detects rise in IgG Ab titer indicating infection.
Vaccination
- MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella; has a 95% efficacy with lifelong immunity.
- First dose typically given at 12-15 months; second dose at 4-6 years.
- Immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age should exercise precautions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Paramyxovirus family with this quiz. Explore various aspects like genome types, spike structures, and associated conditions in children. Perfect for students studying virology or microbiology.
