Paragraph Structure and Organization

• Day 1 English 5 using Graphic Organizers in Writing Paragraphs Showing: Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast and Problem Solution Relationships

Paragraph

• A paragraph is a brief piece of writing.
• A paragraph has a topic sentence.
• A paragraph contains supporting sentences closely related to the topic sentence.

Cause-Effect Paragraph

• Ideas can be listed in a graphic organizer.
• Thesis statement: Air pollution is caused by many factors.
• The Cause: exhaust gases from vehicles, lack of control, unmindful citizens
• Factory gas emissions: no regular checks location of factories, lack of government control as causes of air pollution
• Forest fires volcanic eruptions, pollen dispersal can be causes.
• The effect: Air pollution
• Transitional or signal words/phrases may be used to indicate causes and effects.
• Causes: the first cause/reason (second, third), because, is caused by, result from
• Effects: one important effect, another result, an outcome, as a resulted from, consequently, then next, therefore, and thus so.

Cause and Effect Example

• Air pollution is due to many factors, the most common are exhaust gases from vehicles, factory gas emissions, and natural events.
• Exhaust gases from vehicle have continuously dominated the air, especially in highly urbanized towns and cities.
• The government lacks control as citizens prefer convenience to the harmful effects.
• The government has not exercised good control over the location of factories that emit gas elsewhere.
• Air pollution is caused by natural events such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, and pollen dispersal.
• The paragraph explains reasons and results of events, situations, or trends demonstrating cause and effect.
• One effect → multiple causes.

Practice

• Create a paragraph showing cause and effect of "Floods”.

• Causes of floods: heavy rains, broken dams, overflowing rivers

• Effects of floods: loss of human life, damage to property

• Paragraph 1: If Tommy forgot to water his plants for a week, when he remembered the plants looked wilted and sad.

• The cause: Tommy forgot to water his plants.

• Paragraph 2: if the sky turned dark and heavy clouds rolled in it began to rain heavily and the streets flooding.

• The effect: It began to rain heavily, flooding the streets.

• Paragraph 3: Sarah practiced playing the piano every day after school. As a result, she became a skilled pianist and won a music competition

• The cause: Sarah practiced playing the piano every day after school.

• Paragraph 4: the ice cream shop ran out of vanilla ice cream and consequently they had to close early for the dat

• The effect: They had to close early for the day

• Paragraph 5: Timothy stayed up late watching TV instead of finishing his homework. As a result, he fell asleep during the test the next day.

• The cause: Timothy stayed up late watching TV.

• Practice questions prompt the learner to write a cause-and-effect paragraph about a family scenario

Practice 2

• Write a Cause-and-Effect paragraph.
• Reasons for smoking: stress relief, pleasure, and social situations
• Results from smoking: Lungs become badly affected (coughs, colds, wheezing, and asthma, to just start with)

Rubrics

5 points: Paragraph is well-organized with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Causes and effects are logically arranged, and transitions are smooth. 4 points: Paragraph is mostly organized with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Causes and effects are presented in a logical sequence, with some transitions. 3 points: Paragraph lacks some organization but still includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. Causes and effects may not be presented in a clear sequence, and transitions may be weak. 2 points: Paragraph is poorly organized with limited coherence. Causes and effects are presented inconsistently, and transitions are lacking. 1 point: Paragraph is disorganized and lacks coherence. Causes and effects are presented randomly, and transitions are absent.

• Final practice is to write a cause and effect paragraph

• Day 2 English focus is on Using Graphic Organizers in Writing Paragraphs Showing: Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast and Problem Solution Relationships

Graphic Organizer

• Questions prompt the student to consider the transitional or signal words/phrases that indicate causes and effects.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraphs

• Comparison reveals elements that are similar.
• Contrast reveals elements that are different.
• Rice Terraces and Plain Rice Fields offer a comparison.
• Rice Terraces are on hills and mountains and have more effort farming.
• Plain Rice Fields are on valleys and plains and have flat surfaces and more convenient transport of tools and other materials
• Rice Terraces and Rice Fields can be irrigated

Comparison-contrast Paragraph Step

• Choose subjects to describe.
• Organize similarities and differences in a Venn diagram.
• Use transition or signal words like, similarly, and to highlight and but, however, while, and on the other hand to highlight the differences, and in both scenarios can be Paddy areas and grow rice, corn, wheat and other crops

Comparison and Contrast Example

• Rice terraces and plain rice fields are alike and different.

• Both are prepared paddy areas for planting rice and crops where these two farmlands can be irrigated.

• Rice terraces are sloped planes cut into steps to create hilly farms.

• Plain rice fields are flat and wide surfaces of land where it is easy to transport farming tools.

• Production of staple food such as rice, corn, wheat and other crops are effective in both farms.

• The compared subjects were Rice Terraces and Plain Rice Field

• Students are asked to look for transitional words and what two subjects or items were compared in the paragraph?

• Rice Terraces are on hills/mountains, like steps, need more effort and time for farming tools transport

• Plain Rice Fields are on valleys and plains.

• Also flat surfaces, make transport of tools and other materials more convinient

• Both are paddy areas grow rice, corn, wheat, other crops and can be irrigated

• Similarities and differences in texts contain words such as both, however, on the other hand, and also while.

Activity

• Write a paragraph showing comparison and contrast about “Reading books and traveling.”

• Write Comparison and Contrast paragraph.

• Similarities: ball games, fun

• Differences: Volleyball players have to stay on their own side, Basketball players can run up and down the entire court freely

• Suggested activity is to create a short comparison and contrast about yourself today and when you were five

Final Note

• Steps in writing a comparison-contrast paragraph are reviewed.
• Write a comparison and contrast paragraph.
• Paragraph should have an introduction, body with comparison and contrast points, and a conclusion.
• Similarities between cats and dogs: both are pets, can be trained, and provide companionship
• Differences between cats and dogs: dogs need more exercise, cats are more independent, dogs are more social
• Day 3 English 5, Using Graphic Organizers in Writing Paragraphs Showing: Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast and Problem Solution Relationships

Rubrics for Writing

5 points: Clearly identifies multiple similarities and differences between the subjects. Paragraph has intro, body, and conclusion. Appropriate transition words are used effectively to show comparison and contrast. 4 points: Identifies some similarities and differences between the subjects. mostly clear paragraph structure with some use of transition words. 3 points: Identifies limited similarities and differences between the subjects. Paragraph structure is unclear. Transition words are used inconsistently. 2 points: Identifies few similarities and differences between the subjects. The paragraph lacks coherence and there is limited use of transition words. 1 point: Identifies one similarity or difference between the subjects. structures paragraph lacks coherence. Transition words are not used effectively.

• Students practice writing comparison and contrast paragraphs
• Questions prompt the student to consider the steps in writing comparison and contrast paragraph

Example of Paragraph Type : Problem-Solution

• Format analyzes and writes about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing solutions.
• When writing a problem-and-solution paragraph, the writer should think of a problem and possible solutions, organize ideas in a graphic organizer, and write sentences about the idea in your organizer into a paragraph.
• Water shortage is becoming a serious problem due to the growing population causing the city government to take concrete steps.
• One solution is to make more water available through recycling.
• Building more desalination plants may be done but it is expensive.
• Another solution that the city officials are doing now is educating the people so they do not waste water.
• Meanwhile, there is also a move of the government to protect existing water supply from being polluted.
• There are some more ideas to help solve the problem, but maybe, the ultimate solution is that everyone must become actively involved.

Writing a solution or outline

• The text reviews writing using an outline, where paragraph structure dictates (beginning sentence, middle sentences, ending sentences).
• Here is an example of an outline for a problem-solution paragraph.
• I. Problem: Water shortage is becoming a serious problem due to the growing population.
• II. Solution: Recycle water and city officials are educating the public to prevent water wastage.
• III. Conclusion: water will be protected by everyone.
• Practice writing a paragraph composition using the outline.
• Paragraph content is reviewed with related questions.
• The learner reviews the major ideas and supporting details of three-paragraph form.
• Write your own two to three-paragraph composition based on the following outline on "Wonders of the World"

Other Noteable Paragraphs

• I. The wonders of the world in the Philippines
  • A. Banaue Rice Terraces in Mountain Province
  • B. Mayon Volcano in Albay
• II. Banaue Rice Terraces
  • A. Characteristics
    • carved on mountain sides by the natives
    • great stairways to heaven
• III. Mayon Volcano
  • A. Characteristics
    • perfect cone shape
    • natural
  • B. Despite eruptions, it remains a cone shape
• Write a solution or problem paragraph about a family situation. Day 4 English 5, Using Graphic Organizers in Writing Paragraphs Showing: Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast and Problem Solution Relationships

Practice

• How to write a problem-solution paragraph is reviewed
• Write paragraph showing problem-solution relating to the problem: when “John didn't know what to do about his English project.”

Rubrics

5 points: Paragraph is well-organized with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Problems and solutions are logically arranged, and transitions are smooth. 4 points: Paragraph is mostly organized with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Problems and solutions are presented in a logical sequence, with some transitions. 3 points: Paragraph lacks some organization but still includes any introduction, body, and conclusion. Problems may not be presented in sequence, and transitions may be weak. 2 points: Paragraph is poorly organized with limited coherence. Problems are presented inconsistently, and transitions are lacking. 1 point: Paragraph is disorganized and lacks coherence. The problems are presented randomly, and transitions are absent.

Graphic Analysis

• Analyze a graphic organizer.
• Semantic Web of Filipino attributes
• Filipino respectful people call their older brother "Kuya", and sister "Ate" and kiss the hand of their parents show due respect to parents say ''po and opo ''
• A Filipino as God-loving person prays for himself and others believe in one God and loved their neighbour
• Answer is based on the Semantic web, who is this respectful person and a God-loving person?

Paragraph Example

• A Filipino is a respectful person who calls older brother "kuya" and older sister "ate", kisses the hands of parents, show respect to authority.
• A Filipino is a God-loving person believes in one God love his neighbor, prays for all
• Student must analyze the elements of paragraphs.

Paragraph Review

1. A good paragraph has components of; intro, body, conclusion
2. A compare-contrast text type includes similarities
3. A cause and effect text explains the reasons and results of the phenomena
4. Problem-solution text begins with the presentation of a problem
5. There are components when writing: the indention margin, capitalization, punctuation marks.
6. We can use the information found in an outline or graphic organizers in planning to write a paragraph composition, where a a parais a group of sentences supporting one main idea. Note graphic organizers help organize and simplify complex information
7. An outline is not a useful guide to help you plan

Dietary Note

• A two-paragraph writing prompt.
• Given sentences from a graphic organizer
• Note that Vegetables and fruits are important for a dietary healthy diet.
• Note all they are packed with vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates they provide help keep the body function and protecting the body against diseases for smooth function
• Other noteable graphic displays of paragraph types exist.