Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the Collision Risk Model (CRM)?
What is the primary purpose of the Collision Risk Model (CRM)?
- To manage air traffic scheduling.
- To compute landing gear specifications.
- To provide a realistic assessment of obstacle effects on safety. (correct)
- To outline airport operator training programs.
Which factors are crucial for determining obstacle clearance zones in precision approach operations?
Which factors are crucial for determining obstacle clearance zones in precision approach operations?
- Aircraft types and fuel capacity.
- Wind direction and runway length.
- Pilot experience levels and weather conditions.
- Inner transitional and balked landing surfaces. (correct)
What is the relationship between PANS-OPS surfaces and obstacle limitation surfaces?
What is the relationship between PANS-OPS surfaces and obstacle limitation surfaces?
- Obstacle limitation surfaces are a guideline for PANS-OPS surfaces.
- Only obstacles penetrating PANS-OPS surfaces are significant. (correct)
- PANS-OPS surfaces automatically include all obstacle limitations.
- They are completely separate and unrelated concepts.
Who offers the Collision Risk Model for purchase?
Who offers the Collision Risk Model for purchase?
Which process is NOT facilitated by the use of computers in the Collision Risk Model?
Which process is NOT facilitated by the use of computers in the Collision Risk Model?
What does the term 'Obstacle Clearance Pane' (OCP) refer to?
What does the term 'Obstacle Clearance Pane' (OCP) refer to?
What mathematical aspect is involved in constructing the approach funnel in the CRM?
What mathematical aspect is involved in constructing the approach funnel in the CRM?
What is a consequence of obstacles penetrating PANS-OPS surfaces?
What is a consequence of obstacles penetrating PANS-OPS surfaces?
What is the primary purpose of the surfaces developed by the Obstacle Clearance Panel in PANS-OPS?
What is the primary purpose of the surfaces developed by the Obstacle Clearance Panel in PANS-OPS?
Which option accurately describes the goal of the obstacle assessment surfaces mentioned in the content?
Which option accurately describes the goal of the obstacle assessment surfaces mentioned in the content?
What is a significant drawback of the manual method for obstacle assessment as described in the provided content?
What is a significant drawback of the manual method for obstacle assessment as described in the provided content?
What aspect does PANS-OPS provide in relation to obstacle assessment for most aeroplanes?
What aspect does PANS-OPS provide in relation to obstacle assessment for most aeroplanes?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a specific function of the Annex I4 surfaces associated with PANS-OPS?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a specific function of the Annex I4 surfaces associated with PANS-OPS?
What do the Annex I4 surfaces primarily aim to protect?
What do the Annex I4 surfaces primarily aim to protect?
Which surfaces are controlling during a missed approach?
Which surfaces are controlling during a missed approach?
What issue arises from the Annex 14 surfaces being potentially overprotective?
What issue arises from the Annex 14 surfaces being potentially overprotective?
How do the PANS-OPS and Annex 14 surfaces differ regarding missed approaches?
How do the PANS-OPS and Annex 14 surfaces differ regarding missed approaches?
What is a potential consequence of relying solely on operational judgment regarding obstacle density?
What is a potential consequence of relying solely on operational judgment regarding obstacle density?
What effect can the use of OAS surfaces create in an airport environment?
What effect can the use of OAS surfaces create in an airport environment?
Which surface is specifically involved during a balked landing?
Which surface is specifically involved during a balked landing?
What is the primary goal of establishing obstacle limitation surfaces?
What is the primary goal of establishing obstacle limitation surfaces?
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Study Notes
Obstacle Clearance Panel and PANS-OPS
- Surfaces developed by the Obstacle Clearance Panel assess object impact on obstacle clearance height.
- Clearance height determines approach minima and ensures safety levels (collision probability not exceeding 1:10^-6).
Annex 14 Surfaces
- Designed to define limits around airports for acceptable object height.
- Allows obstacle assessment for operations down to clearance height, particularly for missed approaches with one engine inoperative.
Collision Risk Model (CRM)
- A sophisticated method correlating obstacle heights and locations to total risk, implemented via the Collision Risk Model (CRM).
- Provides more realistic evaluations of obstacles' effects, both individually and collectively.
- Manual calculations are tedious and time-consuming; CRM simplifies this through automation.
Approach Funnel Construction
- Construction involves complex mathematics, unsuitable for manual execution.
- Effective application is streamlined through computer calculations available for purchase via ICAO.
Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (OAS)
- Mandatory surface criteria are simple forms to facilitate manual application but may lead to overprotection in certain areas near runways.
- Some critical obstacle locations are unnecessarily restricted under current OAS criteria.
Inner Transitional and Balked Landing Surfaces
- Created for precision approach category II operations.
- Must protect landing from clearance height or initiated balked landing with all engines operational.
Key Differences Between PANS-OPS and Annex 14 Surfaces
- Missed approaches are executed at or above obstacle clearance height.
- PANS-OPS surfaces are more conservative in protecting against obstacles compared to Annex 14, potentially limiting low minima operations.
Risks and Operational Judgement
- Overly conservative surfaces might prevent operations in low minima conditions.
- Operational judgment is essential to determine the point of excessive obstacle density, ensuring safety and operational flexibility.
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