30 Questions
How is trypsin activated in the digestive system?
Trypsinogen is converted into active trypsin by enterokinase.
What is the bicarbonate content of pancreatic juice?
110 to 150 mEq/L
What are the major proteolytic enzymes found in pancreatic juice for digesting proteins?
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Why is the high bicarbonate content of pancreatic juice important?
To neutralize acid chyme and provide the required pH for enzyme activation.
How is trypsinogen activated to trypsin within the digestive system?
Trypsin activates trypsinogen through autocatalytic or autoactive action.
What is the role of enterokinase in the activation of trypsin?
Enterokinase converts trypsinogen into active trypsin.
What is the role of trypsin inhibitor in the pancreas?
Prevents the activation of trypsin in secretory cells, acini, and ducts of the pancreas.
How does trypsin contribute to the digestion of proteins?
Trypsin is an endopeptidase that breaks interior bonds of protein molecules, converting proteins into proteoses and polypeptides.
What is the function of trypsin in curdling of milk?
It converts caseinogen in milk into casein.
How does trypsin contribute to blood clotting?
It accelerates blood clotting.
List three enzymes that trypsin activates in the pancreatic juice.
Chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase.
What is the autocatalytic action of trypsin?
Once formed, trypsin converts trypsinogen into trypsin.
What are the two primary conjugated bile acids formed in the liver?
Glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid
How are bile salts transported from the intestine to the liver?
Through enterohepatic circulation
What happens to the remaining 5% to 10% of bile salts that do not enter the liver?
They enter the large intestine and are converted into deoxycholate and lithocholate.
What is the main function of the liver in relation to heat production?
The liver is the organ where the maximum amount of heat is produced due to metabolic reactions.
Which organ produces blood cells during the fetal stage?
The liver produces blood cells during the fetal stage.
What is the main function of bile salts in the intestine?
Emulsification of fats
How does the liver contribute to the inactivation of hormones and drugs?
The liver catabolizes hormones like growth hormone, cortisol, and inactivates fat-soluble drugs by converting them into water-soluble substances.
Why are bile salts necessary for the digestion and absorption of fats?
Fats are insoluble in water, and bile salts help emulsify them to aid digestion by lipolytic enzymes.
What is the role of reticuloendothelial cells (kupffer cells) in the liver?
Reticuloendothelial cells in the liver are involved in defense mechanisms, detoxification of foreign bodies, and phagocytosis.
What is the process by which fats are broken down into minute droplets in the small intestine?
Emulsification
How does the liver contribute to the process of hemolysis?
Senile red blood cells after 120 days are destroyed by kupffer cells in the liver.
Which vitamin does the liver store for erythropoiesis?
The liver stores vitamin B12 necessary for erythropoiesis.
What are the two main stages involved in the conversion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in bird digestion?
Preliminary conversion to acetyl CoA or an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, followed by oxidation of these compounds. The second stage is the citric acid cycle.
Which volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA?
Acetate and butyrate can enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
What must be present for acetate and butyrate to enter the citric acid cycle?
Sufficient oxaloacetate is required for condensation with acetyl CoA to form citrate.
What are the veterinary interests related to the diversity of bird species?
Veterinary interests include those associated with the food production industry, pet bird industry, and aspects of wildlife care and management.
What are some unique features of bird digestion compared to mammals?
Birds have no teeth, possess a crop and gizzard, lack a true stomach for storage or enzyme secretion, have two ceca, and exhibit a very fast rate of digesta passage.
How do birds absorb fatty acids in their digestive process?
Birds absorb fatty acids via the portal system.
Test your knowledge about the composition and function of pancreatic juice, including the high bicarbonate content and its role in neutralizing acid chyme to protect the intestinal mucosa. Explore the organic and inorganic substances present in pancreatic juice.
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