Pancreas Pathology Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of pancreas divisum?

Two separate ducts, causing abnormal drainage.

What is the defining feature of an annular pancreas?

The pancreatic head completely wraps around the duodenum.

What is ectopic pancreatic tissue?

Pancreatic tissue present outside of the pancreas.

What is a pancreatic pseudocyst?

<p>A fluid collection without an epithelial lining, often caused by trauma or pancreatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acute pancreatitis?

<p>Leakage of pancreatic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main underlying cause of chronic pancreatitis?

<p>Irreversible damage to the pancreas, typically from alcohol abuse or biliary disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an insulinoma produce?

<p>Excess insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gastrinoma?

<p>A malignant tumor that overproduces stomach acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mechanism of pancreatic autodigestion.

<p>Pancreatic enzymes escape the ducts, leading to tissue destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are typical symptoms of acute pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Nausea and Vomiting (A), Fever (B), Gaseous Distention (C), Pain after meals (D), Sweating (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sonographic findings are associated with acute pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Common bile duct obstruction (A), Hypoechoic, swollen pancreas (B), Compressed inferior vena cava (IVC) (D), Dilation of the pancreatic duct (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does cystic fibrosis have on the pancreas?

<p>Mucus blocks the ducts, reducing enzyme production, leading to fibrosis, cysts, and calcifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pancreatic cyst?

<p>A fluid-filled sac within the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

<p>Malignant exocrine tumor that develops in the glandular tissue of the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common presentations of pancreatic adenocarcinoma? (Select all that apply)

<p>Jaundice (A), Anorexia (B), Weight loss (C), Abdominal and back pain (D), Nausea (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sonographic findings are suggestive of pancreatic adenocarcinoma? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head (B), Dilation of the pancreatic duct (C), Irregular tumor borders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly observed ultrasonographic finding in pancreatic carcinoma?

<p>An undefined, hypoechoic mass with ductal dilatation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an endocrine pancreatic neoplasm?

<p>A tumor arising from the hormone-producing islet cells of the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key causes of acute pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Alcohol Abuse (A), Biliary Disease (B), Infections (C), Drugs (D), Trauma (E), Scorpion Bites (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab markers are elevated in individuals with acute pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Lipase (A), Amylase (B), Bilirubin (C), White Blood Cell Count (WBCs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the hallmark findings of chronic pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Progressive fibrosis (A), Ductal obstruction (C), Calcifications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sonographic findings are characteristic of chronic pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Ductal dilation (A), Pseudocyst formation (B), Calcifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some complications of chronic pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Pseudocysts (A), Common bile duct (CBD) dilation (B), Splenic vein thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phlegmonous pancreatitis?

<p>A localized inflammation characterized by edema and necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemorrhagic pancreatitis?

<p>Rapidly progressive acute pancreatitis with vessel necrosis leading to bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sex is more commonly affected by cystadenomas?

<p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to?

<p>A disease or condition with an unknown cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peritonitis?

<p>Inflammation of the peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'atresia' refer to?

<p>The absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pancreas typically appear on ultrasound compared to the liver?

<p>The pancreas appears more echogenic due to surrounding fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecchymosis?

<p>A bruise, or discoloration of the skin caused by bleeding under the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is edema?

<p>Swelling caused by fluid buildup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'suppuration' refer to?

<p>The formation or discharge of pus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'edematous' mean?

<p>Swollen or fluid-filled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are symptoms of hemorrhagic pancreatitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Distention (A), Ecchymosis (B), Abdominal Pain (D), Nausea and Vomiting (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pancreas Pathology - Study Notes

  • Pancreas Divisum: Two pancreatic ducts instead of one, causing abnormal drainage; typically asymptomatic.

  • Annular Pancreas: Pancreatic head encircles the duodenum, potentially causing duodenal obstruction or stenosis.

  • Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue: Pancreatic tissue outside the pancreas, potentially linked to pancreatitis or tumor formation.

  • Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Fluid collection without an epithelial lining, often a result of trauma or pancreatitis, potentially causing peritonitis.

  • Acute Pancreatitis: Inflammation due to enzyme leakage; presents with pain, nausea, and fever. Key causes include biliary disease, alcohol use, trauma, certain drugs, and infections. Symptoms include pain after meals or alcohol consumption, fever, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and gaseous distention. Sonographic findings include a hypoechoic swollen pancreas, compressed IVC, and possibly CBD dilation. Lab markers include elevated amylase, lipase, WBCs, and bilirubin.

  • Chronic Pancreatitis: Irreversible pancreatic damage, often linked to alcohol abuse or biliary disease. Characterized by progressive damage (fibrosis), calcifications, and ductal obstruction. Sonographic findings include calcifications, pseudocyst formation, ductal dilation. Complications include pseudocysts, CBD dilation, and superior vena cava (SVC) thrombosis.

  • Insulinoma: Benign tumor, secreting excess insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.

  • Gastrinoma: Malignant tumor producing excessive stomach acid (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome).

  • Pancreatic Autodigestion: Enzymes escaping ducts, leading to tissue destruction ("autodigestion") due to the lack of a capsule.

  • Pancreatic Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs within the pancreas.

  • Cystadenoma: Slow-growing, cystic tumor with thick walls, originating from ducts. More common in women.

  • Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Malignant exocrine tumor originating from glandular tissues; common in males. Often presents with jaundice, weight loss, abdominal/back pain, anorexia, nausea. Sonographically, this presents as a hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head, irregular borders, with ductal dilation.

  • Endocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms: Tumors originating from hormone-producing islet cells.

  • Phlegmonous Pancreatitis: Localized inflammation, edema, and necrosis.

  • Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis: Acute pancreatitis with rapid progression marked by pancreatic vessel necrosis and bleeding, characterized by bruising, leading to ecchymosis. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, distention, and ecchymosis.

  • Pancreatic Abscess: Pus-filled mass (hypoechoic) that can result from acute pancreatitis.

  • Idiopathic: Disease or condition without conclusively known cause.

  • Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum.

  • Atresia: Absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or lumen.

  • Normal Pancreas Appearance: Normally presents as hyperechoic due to surrounding peripancreatic fat, relatively homogeneous.

  • Edema: Swelling due to fluid buildup.

  • Suppuration: Formation or discharge of pus.

  • Edematous: Swollen or filled with fluid.

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Explore the key concepts and conditions related to pancreas pathology, including pancreas divisum, annular pancreas, and acute pancreatitis. This quiz covers essential definitions, symptoms, and diagnostic features vital for understanding pancreatic disorders. Enhance your knowledge of this crucial organ and the implications of its diseases.

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