Pancreas and Bile Secretion

<p>Coupled with electrolyte absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased production of digestive juices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipase (A), Amylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fecal incontinence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates pancreatic juice secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Into the duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactive form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased when large amounts of bile salts return via enterohepatic circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatopancreatic sphincter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hydrolyze chemical bonds in macromolecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emulsifies large fat globules into smaller ones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the stomach with pepsin formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most nutrients are absorbed through active transport processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Undigested lactose causing diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion of lipid products across the epithelial membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune reaction to gluten (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic nucleases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestion and absorption of nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Villi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produce intestinal juice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brush border enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distension or irritation of the mucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ileum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to rapidly dividing cells in the GI tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ileocecal valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of Peyer's patches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emulsify fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haustra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial recolonization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestive enzyme production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritonitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass movements in the large intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constipation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrocolic reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has thicker mucosa than the small intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irritation of the colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigmoid colon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation to allow expulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plexuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isovolumetric Contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular repolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased afterload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pump oxygen-poor blood to the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chordae tendineae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thicker walls for systemic circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure coordinated contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mostly behind the stomach, with the head near the duodenum and tail near the spleen.

Pancreas releases pancreatic juice to aid digestion, via the pancreatic duct.

Clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes.

Secretion of hormones like insulin and glucagon.

Watery, alkaline solution containing bicarbonate, electrolytes, and digestive enzymes.

Bulb-shaped structure where bile and pancreatic ducts join before entering the duodenum.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin regulate bile and pancreatic juice release based on chyme composition.

A circular muscle that controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum; closes unless digestive activity is required.

Major organ of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

7-13 feet long, from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve.

First part of the small intestine, about 10 inches long, and surrounds part of the pancreas.

Middle section of the small intestine, about 8 feet long, attached to the posterior abdominal wall.

Last part of the small intestine, about 12 feet long, connects to the large intestine via ileocecal valve.

Small intestine's adaptation for efficient nutrient absorption.

Permanent folds in the small intestine that slow chyme movement.

Finger-like projections in the small intestine mucosa, increasing surface area.

Tiny projections on the surface of villi, further increase surface area.

Tubular glands between villi, producing intestinal juice.

Cells in villi that absorb nutrients and electrolytes.

Mucus-secreting cells of the small intestine.

Cells in crypts that secrete antimicrobial agents.

Lymphoid tissue in the ileum, part of the immune system.

Valve that controls the flow of chyme from small to large intestine.

The breakdown of ingested food into small molecules for absorption.

The process of moving nutrients from the gut into the body.

Breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars (monosaccharides) for absorption.

Breaking down proteins into amino acids for absorption.

Breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption.

Single sugar units; the end product of carbohydrate digestion.

The building blocks of proteins, the end product of protein digestion.

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, crucial for digestion.

Inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase enzyme.

Impaired absorption of nutrients from the intestines.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed in the small intestine with the help of micelles and diffusion.

Vitamins C and B are absorbed in the small intestine via passive or active transport.

Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach and is absorbed in the small intestine through endocytosis.

Iron absorption is regulated by the body's need and is stored in mucosal cells as ferritin.

Calcium absorption is regulated by vitamin D and PTH.

Most water absorption happens in the small intestine, and the rest in the large intestine.

With age, digestive system activity declines, including reduced juice production, less efficient absorption, and slower peristalsis.

Regular dental and medical checkups, as well as screening for polyps, can help prevent GI cancers.

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the large intestine's muscularis.

Pocket-like sacs in the large intestine caused by the tone of the teniae coli.

Part of the MALT immune system, a lymphoid tissue structure in the cecum.

Part of the large intestine, traveling up the right side of the abdomen.

Part of the large intestine, traveling down the left side of the abdomen.

S-shaped portion of the large intestine in the pelvis.

Three valves that prevent gas from passing with feces.

Inflammation of the appendix, commonly due to blockage.

Smooth muscle sphincter at the end of the anal canal.

Skeletal muscle sphincter at the end of the anal canal.

Inflamed superficial venous plexuses in the anal canal.

The diverse bacteria in the colon, outnumbering our own cells.

Powerful peristaltic waves in the colon, moving stool.

Reflex that increases colon contractions, triggered by food in the stomach.

The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to release carbon dioxide (CO₂) and pick up oxygen (O₂).

The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body tissues, delivering oxygen for cellular functions.

A double-walled sac surrounding the heart, protecting it and preventing overfilling. It also lubricates the heart for smooth beating.

The middle layer of the heart wall, composed of contractile cardiac muscle, responsible for pumping blood.

The two upper chambers of the heart, receiving blood from the body and lungs.

The two lower chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping blood to the lungs and body.

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, have a single nucleus, and are interconnected by specialized structures called intercalated discs.

A specialized network of pacemaker cells within the heart that initiate and coordinate heartbeats without external nervous input.

Rapid, irregular heartbeats

Disruption of electrical conduction between atria and ventricles, often due to AV node damage

Represent distinct electrical activities of the heart

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively