Questions and Answers
What is the direction of the long axis of the spleen?
What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi?
What is the location of the pancreas?
What is the function of the pancreatic juice?
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What is the characteristic of the inferior border of the spleen?
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What is the direction of the posterior end of the spleen?
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What is the length of the portal vein?
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What is the function of the portal vein?
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What is the approximate length of the duodenum?
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What is the function of Peyer's patches in the ileum?
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What is the approximate length of the small intestine?
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Which part of the small intestine receives the bile duct and pancreatic duct?
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Which structure forms a c-shaped curve around the head of pancreas?
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Which part of the small intestine is concerned with completion of digestion and absorption of the digested food?
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What is the approximate length of the large intestine?
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What is the function of the lesser sac cavity?
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What is the dual function of the pancreas?
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What is the name of the small islets of cells in the pancreas that release hormones into the bloodstream?
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Through which structure do the endocrine cells of the pancreas release their hormones?
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What is the function of the exocrine secretion of the pancreas?
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What is the name of the hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels?
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What is the term for the group of cells that produce insulin and glucagon in the pancreas?
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What is the pancreatic duct involved in?
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What is the function of the pancreatic juice released into the duodenum?
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Study Notes
Pancreas
- Located transversely across the posterior abdominal wall behind the stomach
- Extends from the duodenum to the spleen
- Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum
- Has an endocrine function, secreting insulin directly into the bloodstream
- Parts include head, neck, body, and tail
Spleen
- Soft organ and largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body
- Located in the left hypochondrium
- Long axis is parallel with the lower 9, 10, and 11 ribs
- Has two surfaces: diaphragmatic surface (smooth and convex) and visceral surface (directed towards the abdominal cavity)
- Has two borders: superior border (characterized by notches) and inferior border (smooth and rounded)
- Has two ends: posterior end (directed upwards, backwards, and medially) and anterior end (directed downwards, forwards, and laterally)
Portal Circulation
- Formed by the veins that carry blood from the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, pancreas, and gall bladder
- Blood is conveyed to the portal vein, which ascends to the porta hepatis and divides into right and left branches
- Each branch passes to the corresponding lobe of the liver, where it branches until it opens into the liver sinusoids
- Blood is then conveyed to the inferior vena cava by four hepatic veins
Stomach and Small Intestine
- Stomach is surrounded by peritoneum and has a stomach bed separated from the stomach by a peritoneal sac called the lesser sac cavity
- Small intestine is concerned with completion of digestion and absorption of digested food
- Divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- Duodenum is the shortest and widest part of small intestine, forming a C-shaped curve around the head of pancreas
- Jejunum and ileum are about 5 to 6 meters in length, extending from the duodeno-jejunal junction to the ileo-cecal junction
Large Intestine
- About 1.5 meters long, beginning at the end of the ileum and terminating at the anal orifice
- Divided into caecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
Endocrine Glands
- Thyroid gland lies in front of the neck, secreting thyroid hormone (thyroxin) which stimulates metabolism of the body
- Parathyroid glands regulate the relative amounts of calcium in the blood and in the bones
- Thymus gland lies behind the manubrium sterni, active during neonatal and pre-adolescent periods, but atrophies by early teens
- Suprarenal (Adrenal) glands lie on top of each kidney, producing hormones that regulate water and electrolyte balance
- Pancreas has both an exocrine and endocrine function, producing insulin and glucagon through islets of Langerhans
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and functions of the pancreas, bile duct, and related glands. It includes the parts of the pancreas, sphincter of Oddi, and the role of pancreatic juice and insulin.