Pancreas and Bile Function

<p>Hepatopancreatic sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce zymogen granules containing digestive enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion is increased due to enterohepatic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates bile secretion in response to acidic chyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Week 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fecal incontinence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotic fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down food into its chemical building blocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To emulsify large fat globules into smaller ones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By active transport processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are converted back into triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose intolerance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing leakage of substances between epithelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pepsin and proteases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial infection or antibiotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teniae coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twisted shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent feces from being expelled with gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroperitoneal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritonitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrocolic reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass movements triggered by eating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beneficial bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged inactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation of superficial venous plexuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestion and absorption of nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cecum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the presence of villi and microvilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brush border enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water and mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opens due to segmentation pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It targets rapidly dividing cells, including GI cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggregated lymphoid nodules in the ileum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenal glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release enterogastrones like CCK and secretin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of intestinal crypts and specialized cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mostly behind the stomach, with its head wrapped around the duodenum and tail near the spleen.

A watery, alkaline solution containing electrolytes (mostly bicarbonate) and digestive enzymes like proteases, amylase, lipases, and nucleases. The enzymes are initially inactive.

The pancreas releases pancreatic juice into the small intestine via a duct system, aiding digestion.

The pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream, managing blood sugar levels.

A bulb-like structure where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet.

Hormones that stimulate bile and pancreatic juice release in response to chyme.

A volcano-shaped opening where the ampulla releases its contents into the duodenum.

A ring of muscle that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

The small intestine is the primary organ for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The small intestine is about 7-13 feet long, extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve.

The first part of the small intestine, which is mostly behind the abdominal wall and about 10 inches long.

The middle part of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet long, and attached posteriorly by the mesentery.

The last part of the small intestine, about 12 feet long, attached posteriorly by the mesentery, and connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The small intestine has a significantly increased surface area (~200 m²) for efficient nutrient absorption.

Permanent folds in the small intestine that slow chyme movement, increasing absorption time.

Finger-like projections in the small intestine mucosa, containing capillaries and a lacteal for nutrient absorption.

Tiny projections on the surface of the villi, increasing surface area for absorption and containing brush-border enzymes.

Tubular glands in the small intestine between villi, producing intestinal juice and containing different cell types.

Cells in the villi that absorb nutrients and electrolytes, and in the crypts, produce intestinal juice, containing brush border enzymes on their membranes.

Cells in the intestinal crypts that secrete mucus for lubrication and carrier fluid for nutrient absorption.

Clusters of lymphoid tissue in the ileum's submucosa that protect against microorganisms

A watery mixture of mucus secreted by the duodenal glands and goblet cells, aids in nutrient absorption from chyme.

The valve controlling the passage of chyme from the ileum into the large intestine, preventing regurgitation

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

The process of taking in nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream.

Only monomers, the simplest building blocks of food molecules, can be absorbed.

The process of breaking down chemical bonds using water.

Specialized connections between cells in the intestinal lining that prevent substances from passing between cells.

The surface of an intestinal cell facing the lumen (inside of the gut) where nutrients enter.

The surface of an intestinal cell facing the bloodstream where nutrients exit.

Lipids can be absorbed passively, while other substances need carrier proteins.

The movement of molecules across a membrane using energy, typically from ATP.

A condition where someone lacks enough lactase enzyme to digest lactose, causing digestive issues.

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the large intestine, causing characteristic bulges called haustra.

Pocket-like sacs in the large intestine, due to the tone of the teniae coli, that give it a segmented appearance.

The first part of the large intestine, connected to the ileum of the small intestine.

A small, finger-like projection off the cecum containing lymphoid tissue, part of the MALT of the immune system.

The major part of the large intestine, divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions.

The region of the colon that travels upwards on the right side of the abdomen, retroperitoneal.

The region of the colon that travels across the abdomen, intraperitoneal.

The region of the colon that travels downwards on the left side of the abdomen, retroperitoneal.

The S-shaped portion of the colon that travels through the pelvis, intraperitoneal.

The last part of the large intestine, located above the anal canal, responsible for storing feces before defecation.

The final segment of the large intestine, opening to the exterior at the anus, containing both internal and external sphincters.

An acute inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by a blockage trapping bacteria.

Pain starting near the navel, moving to the lower right abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and potentially fever.

Surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy), sometimes with antibiotics.

Absorption of water and electrolytes, vitamin production by bacteria, and propulsion of feces towards the anus.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are transported within micelles and absorbed by diffusion in the small intestine.

Vitamins C and B are absorbed in the small intestine using either passive or active transport mechanisms.

Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the small intestine and is absorbed through endocytosis.

Most electrolytes are actively transported along the small intestine.

Iron absorption is regulated based on bodily need. Ionic iron is stored in mucosal cells with ferritin.

Calcium absorption is regulated by vitamin D and PTH. PTH activates vitamin D, promoting calcium absorption.

Most water (95%) is absorbed in the small intestine through osmosis, coupled with solute uptake.

The remaining water (most of the 5% not absorbed in the small intestine) is absorbed in the large intestine.